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为了让你快乐拉屎,工程师把马桶做成了完美设计

Marshall Brain 中科院物理所 2023-01-31


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   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抽水马桶,坐便器,厕所,洗手间,茅房,无论你怎么叫,这个设备都是不可或缺的,因为每家都有至少有一个。但更重要的是,它是一个技术奇迹——一个迷人的水处理系统

但它在我们心中却有着不好的含义,我们用马桶做的事情,与之相关的细菌,公共洗手间所见的景象,必须清洗它的事实——这些事情让马桶被赋予了一言难尽的含义,emmmm,感觉有些脏污。在本文中,我们需要尽力克服思维障碍,简单地观察马桶是什么——它几乎是完美的问题解决方案,马桶真是令人惊叹的存在。

马桶的组成

马桶系统由几个关联的系统组件组成。

如果取下水箱盖并查看内部,你会看到所有的组件。三个主要协同工作系统是:

    ·碗状虹吸管

    ·冲洗系统

    ·再注水系统

让我们从这三部分来揭开马桶的秘密吧!

碗状虹吸管

假设水箱外部出了故障,没法给水,而厕所里只有碗状的桶身。你依然有个能凑合用的马桶。虽然没有了可供活动的部件,但碗状桶身就能解决马桶可以解决的所有问题,它可以解决你的需求。马桶的关键构件被称为虹吸结构,如下图所示:

你可以在马桶上进行两个实验来了解虹吸管的工作原理。首先,取一杯水,倒入马桶中。你会发现几乎什么都没有发生。更有趣的是,你可以将 25 杯(6 升)水逐杯倒入马桶中,结果仍然没有任何反应。也就是说,不管你倒多少杯水,马桶中的水位都不会上升。你可以在图中看到为什么会这样:当你把杯子里的水倒进去时,马桶里的水位会上升,但多余的水会立即溢出虹吸管并流走。

现在,取一桶水——大约七八升——倒入马桶中。你会发现水会将马桶冲洗干净。也就是说,几乎所有的水都从马桶中被吸出,发出巨大的“冲洗”声,所有的水都顺着管道流下。流程是这样的:水很快地填满到马桶中,一旦虹吸管被填满,剩下的就靠自动的虹吸效应了。水通过虹吸管从马桶中导出,并顺着管道流下。一旦马桶变空,空气就会进入虹吸管,发出独特的咕咕声,之后虹吸过程停止。

你可以发现:即使卫生间停水,你仍然可以冲马桶,只需要一个装有几升水的水箱。

冲洗系统

水箱的作用类似于前一节中描述的水桶。要启动虹吸机制需要足够多并且流动足够快的水进入到马桶中,而家庭中的水管却不能达到这个效果,这种情况下虹吸管不会启用。因此,水箱可以充当容器,它可以容纳几升的水,这是水管需要30到60秒才能积累的水量。当按下冲水按钮时,水箱中的水在大约三秒内全部进入马桶中,相当于往马桶中倒入一桶水。

水箱侧面有冲水把手,当转动把手时,它会拉动连接冲水阀起动杆。起动杆抬起冲水阀,然后将其浮到一边,露出一个直径六厘米左右的排水孔。打开这个孔可以让水进入马桶桶身中。在大多数马桶中,桶身边缘有出水孔,一些水会通过这些孔排出,而大部分的水会流到马桶底部的一个大洞里。这个洞被称为喷射虹吸式结构,它可以将大部分水直接排入虹吸管。因为水箱中的所有水在大约三秒钟内进入马桶,这足以填满虹吸管并激活虹吸效应,因此马桶中的水和废物都可以被吸出。

再注水系统

因此,只要我们将足够的水倒入马桶中以启动虹吸管,马桶就会被冲洗干净。水箱和冲水阀的作用是将大约7升的水快速倒入马桶中。水箱排空后,水箱底部的冲水阀会盖上排水孔,进而重新蓄水填充水箱。再注水系统向水箱补充足够的水,以便再次启动整个过程。

再注水系统有一个阀门,可以打开和关闭水源。当水箱浮子(或浮球)由于水位降低而下降时,水阀门会打开,加注阀(或再加注阀)会向两个方向供水。

一些水沿着注水管流下,开始重新填充水箱。其余的流过马桶注水管,然后顺着溢流管进入桶中,慢慢地重新装满桶。当水箱中的水位上升时,浮子也会上升。最终,浮子上升到足以关闭阀门的高度。但如果浮子脱落,或者注水阀堵塞从而无法关闭,那又会发生什么?理论上,水箱会溢出并淹没浴室。但溢流管就是用来防止这种情况发生的,它将多余的水引导到桶中而不是地板上。

总体构造

在了解了马桶的每部分组成之后,可以知道它整体的构造了:

推动手柄拉动起动杆,从而打开冲水阀。

大约3秒钟内,大约7升的水从水箱冲入桶中,然后冲水阀重新密封。

这股水流激活了桶中的虹吸管,虹吸管把桶里的东西都吸到下水道里。

同时,当水箱中的水位下降时,浮子也会下降,下降的浮子打开注水阀。

流过注水阀的水将重新填充水箱和桶。当水箱重新注水时,浮子会上升,当水位达到要求后,加注阀会关闭。

如果出现问题并导致注水阀一直运行的话,溢流管可防止水溢流出来。

在飞机(或火车、公共汽车、轮船等)上使用这种方法的问题在于,运动的车辆上没办法用装满水的马桶——每次一点点振动都会使得水溅出来,也因此,虹吸结构在这种情况下无法使用。

飞机马桶采用的是主动真空排水而不是被动虹吸,因此被称为真空马桶。当你冲水时,它会打开下水道中的一个阀门,管道中的真空将排泄物从马桶中吸出并吸入容器中。由于真空完成了所有工作,因此只需很少的水(或飞机上使用的蓝色消毒液)即可为下一个人清洁马桶。大多数真空系统仅使用2 升或更少的液体进行冲洗,而节水马桶需要6 升,旧式马桶为19 升。

事实证明,即使是用作日常家具,真空马桶也有很多优点:

  1. 它们很节水;
  2. 它们可以使用直径小得多的下水道管道;
  3. 它们可以朝任何方向冲洗,包括向上,由于真空系统不使用重力来移动水,因此下水道管道可以直接向上移动;
  4. 管道不必向下走也意味着你安装新厕所时不必切割地板;
  5. 它们可以放在建筑物的任何地方。

作者:Marshall Brain 

翻译:Nuor

审校:藏痴


原文链接:How Toilets Work



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