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牛津社会语言学丛书
话语与实践：批判话语分析新方法
推荐语：
In Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis, van Leeuwen brings together his methodological work on discourse analysis of the last fifteen years. Discourses, van Leeuwen argues, are resources for representing aspects of reality that can be drawn upon in the construction of texts that represent these aspects of reality. Different discourses make sense of the same aspect of reality in different ways and serve different interests.
However abstract some discourses are, they ultimately always represent doings, van Leeuwen argues. Doing is the foundation of knowing, and social practices are the foundation of discourses. Studying children's books, newspaper reports, brochures, and other texts, as well as photographs and children's toys, van Leeuwen investigates what can happen when practices are transformed into discourses, and he provides analytical tools for reconstructing discourses from texts.
Throughout the book, van Leeuwen makes connections between sociological and linguistic or semiotic concepts and methods to ensure the social and critical rele- vance of his analytical categories. Van Leeuwen's work has already been widely used by critical discourse analysts across the world. This volume will be a welcome guide for anyone looking for a form of discourse analysis that is explicit and methodical, as well as critically incisive.
作者简介：Theo van Leeuwen is professor of media and communication and dean of the faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Technology, Sydney. He has worked as a film and television producer and scriptwriter in Holland and Australia. He then studied linguistics and combined the methods of linguistic analysis with his knowledge of visual communication in developing his approach to social semiotics.
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目录
1．Discourse as the Recontextualization of Social Practice
2．Representing Social Actors
3．Representing Social Action
4．Time in Discourse
5．Space in Discourse
6．The Discursive Construction of Legitimation
7．The Discursive Construction of Purpose
8．The Visual Representation of Social Actors
9．Representing Social Actors with Toys
References
Index
社会语言学变异的批判性反思
推荐语：
The chapters in this volume bring together some of the most prominent researchers in the field ofsociolinguistic variation, both established names and newer voices, for thoughtful reflections on thefield. The chapters cover a wide range of core issues, but within this diversity is a common theme:the critique of conventional wisdom in the sociolinguistic study of variation and the extension ofimportant concepts in variationist research to new areas. This volume is the kind of work thatengages the reader in dialogue, challenges assumptions, and unveils new perspectives.The four main parts of the book provide different perspectives from which particular topics insociolinguistic research are reappraised and explored. Taken together, the chapters inSociolinguistic Variation are a kind of road map of the field: where we have been and where wehope to go. The conference from which these chapters emerged brought out the authors' voices inan unusually intimate and direct way. They speak to issues in the field critically and contemplatively,looking back at the established practices of the variationist tradition and looking forward into howthe future of this relatively young field may develop. Fought is Professor of Linguistics at Pitzer College.
作者简介：Carmen Fought is Professor of Linguistics at Pitzer College.
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目录
Contributors
Introduction, Carmen Fought
Part I: Sociolinguistic Methods
1.Some Sources of Divergent Data in Sociolinguistics, Guy Bailey and Jan Tillery
2.Ordinary Events, William Labov
3.Exploring Intertextuality in the Sociolinguistic Interview, Natalie Schilling-Estes
Part If: The Exploration of \"Place\"
4.Place, Globalization, and Linguistic Variation, Barbara Johnstone
5.The Sociolinguistic Construction of Remnant Dialects, Walt Wolfram
6.Variation and a Sense of Place, Penelope Eckert
7.Adolescents, Young Adults, and the Critical Period: Two Case Studies from \"Seven Up\", Gillian Sankoff
8.Three Kinds of Sociolinguistics: A Psycholinguistic Perspective, Dennis R. Preston
Part IV: Attitudes and Ideologies
9.Language Ideologies and Linguistic Change, Lesley Milroy
10.The Radical Conservatism of Scots, Ronald Macaulay
11.Spoken Soul: The Beloved, Belittled Language of Black America, John R. Rickford
Index
礼貌语用学
推荐语：
This readable book presents a new general theoretical understanding of politeness. It offers an account of a wide range of politeness phenomena in English, illustrated by hundreds of examples of actual language use taken largely from authentic British and American sources. Building on his earlier pioneering work on politeness, Geoffrey Leech takes a pragmatic approach that is based on the controversial notion that politeness is communicative altruism. Leech’s 1983 book, Principles of Pragmatics, introduced the now widely-accepted distinction between pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of politeness; this book returns to the pragmalinguistic side, somewhat neglected in recent work. Drawing on neo-Gricean thinking, Leech rejects the prevalent view that it is impossible to apply the terms “polite” or “impolite” to linguistic phenomena.
Leech covers all major speech acts that are either positively or negatively associated with politeness, such as requests, apologies, compliments, offers, criticisms, good wishes, condolences, congratulations, agreement, and disagreement. Additional chapters deal with impoliteness and the related phenomena of irony (“mock politeness”) and banter (“mock impoliteness”), and with the role of politeness in the learning of English as a second language. A final chapter takes a fascinating look at more than a thousand years of history of politeness in the English language.
作者简介：Geoffrey Leech is Emeritus Professor of English Linguistics at Lancaster University, where he has been a faculty member for over 40 years. He has published many books and articles in the fields of English grammar, stylistics, pragmatics, semantics and corpus linguistics. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1987.
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目录 · · · · · ·
Preface
Abbreviations and Special Symbols
PART ONE Laylng the foundations
1.Introductlon
1.1 Eight characteristics of politeness
1.2 Some distinctions to bearin mind
2.Pollteness： viewpolnts
2.1 What is to be explained？ Five explicanda
2.2 An overview of theories or models of politeness
2.3 The model presented in this book in comparison with others
2.4 Otherbasicquestions
2.5 Conclusion
3.Pragmatics，indlrectness， and neg—politeness： a basis for pollteness modeling
3.1 A problem—solving view of pragmatics： S's problem and H's problem
3.2 Simple sentences， propositionals， and pragmatic force 58
3.3 Exclamations andisolates Oncluding pragmatic particles） 65 .
3.4 Default interpretations and default decisions
3.5 The representation of pragmatic meaning
3.6 Neo—Griceandefaultthinking
3.7 Conventionalimplicatureandpragmaticalization
3.8 Summaryand conclusion
4.Pollteness：the model
4.1 Criticisms of B&L （1978／1987 ） and also of Leech's POP （1983）
4.2 Restatement of the treatment of politeness in Principles of Pragmatics （Leech 1987）
4.3 Rethinking the maxims of politeness in Principles of Politeness
4.4 Important disclaimers and caveats
4.5 Interlinguistic and cross—cultural variation in politeness
4，6 Postscript on politenessin relation to honorifics
4.7 Postscripton face
4.8 A tentative conclusion on universals of politeness
PART TWO Politeness and Impollteness In the use of English 5.A case study： apologies
5.1 Apologies： speech events seen as prototype categories
5.2 A digression： apologies and other speech events
5.3 Prototypicalandless prototypicalapologies
5.4 Apologies： the pragmalinguistic facet
5.5.Apologies： the sociopragmatic facet
5.6 Responsestoapologies
5.7 Publicapologies
5.8 Conclusion
6.Requests and other dlrectlves
6.1 What is a request？ Requests and related speech events
6.2 The parameters of request territory
6.3 Strategies fordirectives
6.4 Pragmatic modifiers
6.5 Responses torequests
6.6 Concludingremarks
7.Other pollteness—sensltlve speech events
7.1 Offers，invitations，andundertakings
7.2 Compliments and criticisms
7.3 Thanks
7.4 Agreement，disagreement，advice， and O—focused suggestions
7.5 Congratulations，commiserations，and good wishes
7.6 Concluding remarks
8.Pollteness and lts "opposltas"
8.1 Nonpoliteness：lack of politeness or impoliteness
8.2 Impoliteness
8.3 Sarcasm or conversational irony
8.4 Banter：mockimpoliteness
PART THREE Further perspectives
9.Methods of data collectlon： emplrlcal pragmatics
9.1 An overview of methods
9.2 Rating，multiple choice， andinterview tasks
9.3 Discoursecompletion （DCTs）
9.4 Closed and open role play
9.5 Observation of authentic discourse
9.6 Conclusion
10.Interlanguage pragmatics and politeness across languagas and cultures
10.1 Background to interlanguage pragmatics
10.2 The ILP paradigm of research
10.3 Research on different Ll groupslearning English
10.4 Methodologies of ILP datacollection
10.5 ILP research in relation to politeness
10.6 ILP and the Politeness Principle
10.7 ILP and cross—cultural pragmatics
10.8 ILP hypothesesinformed by the GSP model
10.9 Conclusion
11.Polltaness and the history of English
11.1 Historical pragmatics and politeness
11.2 Politeness in Old English （before 1100）
11.3 Politenessin Middle English （1100—1500）
11.4 Politenessin Modern English （after 1500）
11.5 Recent and current developments
11.6 Concluding remarks：the decline of politeness？
Appendix： Pragmatics， indirectness and neg—politeness： the background
A1 The precursors of modern politeness studies： a brief sketch
A2 A new "take"on Searlo—Gricean pragmatics
A3 Conclusion
References
Index
法律行业内外的语言交流：法律文本之旅
推荐语：
This volume responds to a growing interest in the language of legal settings by situating the study of language and law within contemporary theoretical debates in discourse studies, linguistic anthropology, and sociolinguistics. The chapters in the collection explore many of the common occasions when those acting on behalf of the legal system, such as the police, lawyers and judges, interact with those coming into contact with the legal system, such as suspects and witnesses. However, the chapters do this work through the conceptual lens of ‘textual travel’, or the way that texts move across space and time and are transformed along the way. Collectively, notions of textual travel shed new light on the ways in which texts can influence, and are influenced by, social and legal life.
With contributions from leading experts in language and law, Legal-Lay Communication explores such ‘textual travel’ themes as the mediating role of technologies in the investigatory stages of the legal process, the centrality of intertextuality in the legal construction of cases in court, the transformative effects of recontexualization in process of judicial decision-making, and the way that processes of textual travel disturb the apparent permanence of legal categorization. The book challenges both the notion of legal text as a static repository of meaning and the very idea of legal-lay or lay-legal communication.
作者简介：
Chris Heffer is a Senior Lecturer in Language and Communication at Cardiff University, Wales, and the author of The Language of Jury Trial.
Frances Rock is a Senior Lecturer at Cardiff University and the author ofCommunicating Rights: The Language of Arrest and Detention. She is one of the editors of the International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law.
John Conleyis William Rand Kenan, Jr. Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the co-author of Just Words: Law, Language, and Power and co-editor of Polar: The Political and Legal Anthropology Review.
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Acknowledgments
Contributors
Introduction
1．Textual Travel in Legal-Lay Communication
PART ONE： Police Investigation as TextuaI Mediation
2．The Transformation of Discourse in Emergency Calls to the Police
3．From Legislation to the Courts： Providing Safe Passage for Legal Texts through
4．""Every Link in the Chain""： The Police Interview as Textuallntersection
PART TWO： the Legal Case as Intertextual Construction
5．'The atricks'in the Courtroom： The Intertextual Construction of Legal Cases
6．Travels of a Suspect's Statement
7．Embedding Police Interviews in the Prosecution Case in the Shipman Trial
8．Tracing Crime Narratives in the PaLmer Trial （1856）： From the Lawyer's Opening Speechest ot he judge's Summing Up
PART THREE：Judicial Discourse as Leg;al Recontextualization
9．Post-Penetration Rape and the Decontextualization of Witness Testimony
10．Communication and Magic： Authorized Voice， Legal-Linguistic Habitus， and the Recontextualization of ""Beyond Reasonable Doubt""
Il．Troubling the Legal-Lay Distinction： Litigant Briefs， OraI Argument， and a Public Hearing about Same-Sex Marriage
PART FOUR： Crossing Cultural and Ideological Categories in Lay-Legal Communication
12．The Discourse of DNA： Giving Informed Consent to Genetic Research
13．Travelling Texts： The Legal-Lay lnterface in Ihe Highway Code
14．Recalling Rape： Moving Beyond What We Know
Index
语言的多元化与边缘化
推荐语：
This volume examines the complex processes and practices of multilingualism in a wide range of economically, culturally, politically, and geographically peripheral sites and spaces in different locations. Using approaches that draw on sociolinguistics, ethnography, and discourse studies, leading scholars investigate different peripheral minority language sites, ranging from Arctic territories to a busy airport in Wales. The volume brings together these different contexts and approaches in order to explore what possible commonalities and differences might arise from processes of peripheralizing and centralizing in multilingual minority language sites. The volume aims to open up new ways of thinking and theorizing about multilingualism, about centres and peripheries, and challenges existing notions of straightforward power relations (e.g. majority-minority; center-periphery etc.). All of the contributors question assumptions about peripheries as less fortunate counterparts to prosperous centres, and suggest instead that peripheries are diverse, multilingual spaces, constructed by but, crucially, constitutive to centres.
作者简介：Sari Pietikäinen is Professor of Discourse Studies at the Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
Helen Kelly-Holmes is Lecturer in Sociolinguistics and New Media at the University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Acknowledgements
Contributors
1．Multilingualism and the Periphery
2．Repositioning the Multilingual Periphery： Class， Language， and Transnational Markets in Francophone Canada
3．What Makes Art Acadian?
4．Tourism and Genderin Linguistic Minority Communities
5．HeteroglossicAuthentiatyin SirniHeritage Tourism
6．Linguistic Creativityin Corsican Tourist Context
7．""Translation in Progress""： Centralizing and Peripheralizing Tensions in the Practices ofCommeraaIActors in Minority Language Sites
8．Welsh Tea： The Centrin8; and Decentring ofWalesand the Welsh LanguaS;e
9．Ihe （De-）Centring Spaces ofAirports： FramingMobility and Multilingualism
10．Ihe Career of a Diacritical Sign： Language in Spatial Representahons and Representational Spaces
11．The PeripheralMultilingualism Lens： A Fruitful and Challenging Way Forward?
Index
交际界位研究：社会语言学视角
推荐语：
“This volume masterfully brings together recent work by scholars who are concerned with investigating the intersection of stancetaking and stylization (in everyday talk as well as media genres)—not only to address important sociolinguistic concerns such as the construction of multiple selves and social identities, notions of personhood, positionality, language ideology, and relations of power in new ways, but also to call for new sociolinguistic methodologies. The authors provide compelling arguments for abandoning static correlational studies of linguistic variables and social identities and embracing an approach that focuses explicitly on interactional practices and processes of indexicalization. The book provides a state-of-the-art examination of theory and empirical work on stance and style.”
—Marjorie Harness Goodwin, University of California-Los Angeles
作者简介：Alexandra Jaffe is Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology, CSU Long Beach. She is the author of Ideologies in Action: Language Politics in Corsica.
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Contributors
1 Introduction： The Sociolinguistics of Stance
2 Stance， Style， and the Linguistic Individual
3 Stancein a Colonial Encounter： How Mr Taylor Lost His Footing
4 Stance and Distance： Social Boundaries， Self-LaminaLion， and Metalinguistic Anxiety in White Kenyan Narratives about the African Occult
5 Morallrony and Moral Personhood in Sakapultek Discourse and Culture
6 Stance in a Corsican School： Institutional and Ideological Orders and the Production of Bilingual Subjects
7 From Stance to Style： Gender， Interaction， and Indexicality in Mexican Immigrant Youth Slang
8 Style as Stance： Stance as the Explanation for PatteFns of Sociolinguistic Variation
9 Taking an Elitist Stance： Ideology and the Discursive Production of Social Distinction
10 Attributing Stance in Discourses of Body Shape and Weight Loss
Index
语言神话与英语历史
推荐语：
Language Myths and the History of English aims to deconstruct the myths that are traditionally reproduced as factual accounts of the historical development of English. Using concepts and interpretive sensibilities developed in the field of socio-linguistics over the past 40 years, Richard J. Watts unearths these myths and exposes their ideological roots. His goal is not to construct an alternative discourse, but to offer alternative readings of the historical data. Watts raises the question of what we mean by a linguistic ideology, and whether any discourse—a hegemonic discourse, an alternative discourse, or even a deconstructive discourse—can ever be free of it. The book argues that a naturalized discourse is always built on a foundation of myths, which are all too easily taken as true accounts.
作者简介：Richard J. Watts is Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Bern.
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Preface
1. Metaphors, myths, ideologies and archives
2. Establishing a linguistic pedigree
3. Breaking the unbroken tradition
4. The construction of a modern myth: Middle English as a creole
5. Barbarians and others
6. The myth of "greatness
7. Reinterpreting Swift's A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue: Challenging an embryonic modern myth
8. Polishing the myths: The commercial side of politeness
9. Challenging the hegemony of standard English
10. Transforming a myth to save an archive: When polite becomes educated
11. Commodifying English and constructing a new myth
12. Myths, ideologies of English and the funnel view of the history of English
References
Index
数字话语：新媒体中的语言
推荐语：
Digital Discourse offers a distinctly sociolinguistic perspective on the nature of language in digital technologies. It starts by simply bringing new media sociolinguistics up to date, addressing current technologies such as instant messaging, text messaging, blogging, photo sharing, mobile phones gaming, social network sites, and video sharing. Chapters cover a range of communicative contexts(journalism tourism, leisure, performance, public debate), communicators (professional and lay young people and adults, intimates and groups), and languages (Irish, Hebrew, Chinese, Finnish Japanese, German, Greek, Arabic, French, and English). The volume is organized around topics of primary interest to sociolinguists, including genre, style, stance, and language ideology, With commentary from Naomi Baron and Susan Herring and essays by both well-established scholars and new voices in sociolinguistics, Digital Discourse is more current, more diverse, and more thematically unified than any other collection on the topic.
作者简介：Crispin Thurlow is Associate Professor of Communication at University of Washington. Kristine Mroczek is a doctoral candidate in Communication at University of Washington.
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Foreword
Naomi S.Baron
List of Contributors
Introduction: Fresh Perspectives on New Media Sociolinguistics
Crispin Thurlow and Kristine Mroczek
PART ONE: Metadiscursive Framings of New Media Language
1.Voicing""Sexy Text"": Heteroglossia and Erasure in TV News Representations of Detroits Text Message Scandal
Lawren Squires
2.When Friends Who Talk Together Stalk Together
Online Gossip as Metacommunication
Graham M.Jones, Bambi B.Schieffelin, and Rachel E Smith
3.""Join Our Community of Translators"": Language
Ideologies and/in Facebook
Aoife Lenihan
PART TWO: Creative Genres
Texting, Messaging, and Multimodality
4.Beyond Genre: Closings and Relational Work in
Text Messaging
Tereza Piloti
5.Japanese Keitai Novels and Ideologies of Literacy
Yukiko Nishimura
6.Micro- Blogging and Status Updates on Facebook
Texts and Practices
Carmen K M.Lee
PART THREE: Style and Stylization Identity Play and Semiotic Invention
7.Multimodal Creativity and Identities of Expertise in the Digital Ecology of a World of Warcraft Guild
Lisa Newon
8.""Ride Hard.Live Forever""Translocal Identities in an Online Community of Extreme Sports Christians
Saija Peuronen
9.Performing Girlhood through Typographic Play in Hebrew Blogs
Carmel Vaisman
PART FOUR: Stance: Ideological Position Taking and Social Categorization
10.""Stuff White People Like"":
Stance, Class, Race, and Internet Commentary
Shana Walton and Alexandra Jafe
11.Banal Globalization? Embodied Actions and Mediated Practices in Tourists Online Photo Sharing
Crispin Thurlow and Adam Jaworski
12.Orienting to Arab Orientalisms:
Language, Race, and Humor in a You Tube Video
Flaine Chun and Keith Walters
PART FIVE: New Practices, Emerging Methodologies
13.From Variation to Heteroglossia in the Study of
Computer-Mediated Discourse
Jannis Androutsopoulos
14.sms4science: An International Corpus-Based
Texting Project and the Specific Challenges for
Multilingual Switzerland
krista Duirscheid and Elisabeth Stark
15.C me Sk8: Discourse, Technology, and
Bodies without Organs
Rodney H.Jones
Commentary
Susan S.Herring
Index
语言变体调查：社会组织与社会环境的影响
推荐语：
Linguistic variation has been studied primarily in communities with the dominant social organization of our time: ethnic diversity, socioeconomic stratification, and a population size that precludes community-wide face-to-face interaction. In such communities variation correlates with ethnicity and class.Investigating Variation explores a different kind of social structure: small size, dense kinship ties, common occupation, and absence of social stratification. In the community investigated here, social homogeneity and constant face-to-face interaction made accommodation unnecessary, and extremely weak extra-community norming for the local minority language permitted a very high level of individual variation.
Nancy C. Dorian's examination of the fisherfolk Gaelic spoken in a Highland Scottish village offers a number of explanations for delayed recognition of a linguistic variation unrelated to social class or other social subgroupings. Reports of similar variation phenomena in locations with similar features (contemporary minority-language pockets in Ireland, Russia, Norway, Canada, and Cameroon) make it possible to identify a particular set of factors that contribute to the emergence and persistence of socially neutral inter-speaker and intra-speaker variation. Facets of language use related to social structure remain to be investigated in communities with still other forms of social organization before the few communities that represent them disappear altogether.
作者简介：Nancy C. Dorian is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics in German and Anthropology at Bryn Mawr College.
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Phonetic/Phonological Values of Symbols Appearing in the Text xxi
1 The Variation Puzzle，
1 Lin uistic Variation without Social Weighting
2 High Levels of Socially Neutral Linguistic Variationin Three SocioeconomYically Undifferentiated Minority-Language Enclaves
3 Exposure to Standard-Language or Mainstream Normsand Deviations from Those NOfms in English and in Gaelic
3．1 English and Its Dialect Forms
3．2 Vernacular Gaelic and Formal Gaelic
3．3 Local Speech Features in the East Sutherland Fisherfolk Context
4 Initial Encounters with Variability
4．1 Encountering the Language
4．2 Encountefing Intra Community Variation
4．3 Age-Related Variation
4．3．1 Establishing an Age-and-ProficiencyContinuum
5 Inter-Speaker and Intra-SpeakerVariation in the Gaelic-Speaking Communities
5．1 Examples of Inter-and Intra-Speaker Differences in the Use ofTwo Variables
5．2 The Evidence of Dialect Geography
5．3 The Possible Effect of Gender
5．4 The Possible Effect of Style
5．5 The Possible Effect of Kinship or of Household Membership
5．6 The Prevalence of ldiosyncratic， Socially Neutral Variation
6 Coming to Grips with the Variation Puzzle
6．1 The Inadequacy of Obsolescence as an Explanation for ldiosyncratic Variation
7 Researcher Responses to Seemingly ldiosyncratic Variation among Speakers
7．1 Residual Prescriptivism
7．2 Data Control via Source Selection
7．3 Search for an Assumed Uniformity
7．4 Concentration on the Group Ratherthan the Individual
7．5 Expectation of Linguistic Focusing within Small， Tight-Knit， Highly Interactive Communities
7．6 Expectation of Linguistic Accommodation to Other Speakers
7．7 Expectation of Linkage between Variationand Social Differentiation
7．8 Researcher Responses： Summary
8 Variation within and across．Village Boundaries
8．1 Local Responses toVariation： Inter-Village Variation
8．2 Local Responses toVariation：Intra-Village Variation
8．3 Fisherfolk Populations Unitedand Divided by Gaelic
9 Plan of the Remainder of the Book
2 The East Sutherland Fishing Communities
1 Introduction： Fishing as a Subsistence Mode
2 Creation of the East Sutherland Fishing Communities：The ""lmprovement"" Era
2．1 The Highland Clearancesin the East Sutherland Context
3 Fishing as a Way of Life in East Sutherland
3．1 The Local Fishery： Line Fishing
3．2 The National Fishery： Herring Fishing
3 Dimensions of Linguistic Variation in a Socioeconomically Homogeneous Population
4 A General Introduction to Speakers and'Variables
5 A Close Look at Some Embo Variablesand Their Use
6 Kin Groups， Peer Groups， and Variation
7 Speech Norms，Accommodation， and Speaking Well in Gaelic Embo
8 Socially Neutral Linguistic Variation： Where， Why，What for， and How?
9 Conclusion
Notes
References
Index
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