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中国,谁最该做院士?

饶毅 雨中红莲 2021-04-24
来源饶毅博客、燕梳楼

院士乃安邦之重器,定国之神针!

代表的不仅是学术成就,还是很多少青年学习的榜样。

代表的不仅是最强智力,甚至还是很多人心中的典范。

每一个院士,都处于某个科学领域的金字塔尖。

他们映射的是国家最高科技水平,是每一个科研工作者的追求。

所以“茅台院士”“黄金院士”被爆料后,很多人表达了自己的担忧。

这种担忧并非“杞人忧天”,而是一种经验的积累。


这些年来有不少人在侮辱“院士”这个名号。

2003年,新语丝网站发表文章揭露中国工程院院士顾冠群涉嫌论文剽窃;

2006年,《火安全期刊》发表主编声明中国工程院院士范维澄等人涉嫌学术剽窃;

2008年,戴德哉举报中国工程院院士李连达课题组论文造假;
2011年,中国出世了一个“烟草院士”,钟南山等人反对无效;

2013年,张曙光在法庭供称自己受贿钱财多用于参评院士;

2014年,王宇橙举报其导师中国科学院院士王正敏涉嫌学术造假;

2015年,有匿名检举信举报中国工程院院士范上达涉嫌论文造假;

2019年,英国学者伊丽莎白指出以曹雪涛为通讯作者的多篇论文可能出现图像造假;

2021年,饶毅举报中国科学院院士裴钢论文涉嫌学术不端;

......

一颗颗投进中国学术界的深水炸弹,激起无数波澜。

所以,有人担心院士选拔制度有问题,有损“国之重器”名号;

有些人担心权力介入学术,导致真正学者不能获得桂冠

有些人担心资本兴风作浪;搞得整个学术界乌烟瘴气

有些人担心院士职权滥用,寒了其他科研工作者的心;
......


“茅台院士”“黄金院士”出现在候选之列后,一时间忧声四起。

这是一种正常的争论,毕竟院士不是一个普通荣誉。

更多人害怕出现这种趋势,以后还会有“房地产院士”、“股票院士”

今日之中国,还是希望是科学真理来选院士!


并不是否定这些“院士”候选人,这并非我们的专业能力。

但因为过去发生的种种事情而表达一种担忧,是每一个公民应有的权力。

那今日之中国,到底谁最该做院士?

饶毅教授写过一篇文章,题为《今日中国谁最该做院士?》,值得更多人认真思考。

今日中国谁最该做院士?

很多人来问,如何改善中国院士制度。以我一己之力不可能做到,不过,并非不能努力。

首先我们来谈一谈谁最有资格做院士。

青蒿素三氧化二砷的发现,非常清晰地肯定中药仍有益于人类,一个古老的传统还含有很大的潜力改善健康。两个药物都来源于中药,而且碰巧是两位年龄接近的科学家于1970年代初期发现。

大型“523任务”研究抗疟疾药物过程中,中医研究院中药研究所的屠呦呦是发现青蒿素的代表性人物。在以个体科研小组模式自由探索性地研究中药抗癌作用过程中,哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院的张亭栋是砒霜中三氧化二砷白血病治疗作用的主要发现者。

1

屠呦呦和青蒿素

现在不少人知道青蒿素(artemisinin)的作用。它是起效最快的抗疟药,可以在一线使用,也是在对其他常用药物如氯喹出现抗药性情况下,可以改用的药物。
▲青蒿素的分子结构

对于青蒿素的发现,知道的人也不少,但有较大争论。主要的一个问题是,屠呦呦是否可以作为其代表人物。

“523”任务,是毛泽东主席和周恩来总理,应越南的要求、也考虑中国南方的疟疾问题,而开始的全国性抗疟研究计划。其组织起始为1967年5月23日,那是特殊年代开会都怕找不到安稳地方的时代。


组织的主要协调办公室一直在军事医学科学院。参与的单位遍布全国很多地方,北京、上海、云南、山东…,人员至少几百人。毫无疑问,这是一个大规模合作项目,其中有很多人的集体起了作用。但是,是否有代表人物?谁是代表人物?

▲屠呦呦

1930年出生的屠呦呦,1951年至1955年就读于北京医学院药学系生药学专业,其后分配到中医研究院工作。她仅有大学本科学位,于1969年被召集加入“523任务”

“523”计划分成几个部分,分别制造已有西药的仿造品、衍生物,从中药中寻找抗疟药,制造驱蚊剂。在中药里面,不同课题组试了很多中药,包括药效较强、但副作用较大的常山。不仅古代中药书上,就是50年代和60年代,中国民间都有使用青蒿的记录。中医研究院中药研究所屠呦呦课题组的余亚纲梳理过可能的抗疟中药,共808个,其中有乌头、乌梅、鳖甲、青蒿等。

军事医学科学院用鼠疟模型筛选了近百个药方,青蒿提取物有60%~80%的抑制率,但不稳定。屠呦呦给课题组提供了筛选了多个中药的清单:

矿物药:黄丹、雄黄、硫黄、皂矾、朱砂等;

动物药:鼠妇、地龙、蛇蜕、穿山甲、凤凰衣等;

植物药:地骨皮、甘逐、黄花、菱花、鸦胆子、青蒿、马鞭草等。

屠呦呦课题组也观察到青蒿的效果,但水煎剂无效、95%乙醇提取物效价仅30-40%

1971年,屠呦呦本人的一个关键作用是提出用乙醚提取青蒿,其提取物抗疟作用达95-100%,这一方法的提出立即导致发现青蒿的高效性。

1972年3月,屠呦呦在南京523任务的会议上报告这一结果,获得大家注意,但并未成为唯一的重点,会议总结时组织者建议:

“鹰爪要尽快测定出化学结构,并继续进行合成的研究;仙鹤草再进一步肯定有效单体临床效果的基础上,搞清化学结构;青蒿、臭椿等重点药物,在肯定临床效果的同时,加快开展有效化学成分或单体的分离提取工作”。

  
屠呦呦课题组工作其后集中于青蒿。倪慕云先试图获得青蒿中的活性化合物,以后钟裕蓉成功地获得青蒿素结晶,她们取得分子式。由屠呦呦课题组成员携带青蒿素,以其他课题组(如中国科学院上海有机所、中国科学院生物物理研究所等)为主分析青蒿素分子、解析青蒿素结构。


在获知屠呦呦小组1972年结果的情况下,山东寄生虫病研究所山东省中医药研究所合作,云南省药物研究所都分别进行青蒿的提取工作,山东省中医药研究所和云南省药物研究所独立获得了抗疟有效单体,并分别命名为“黄花蒿素”(山东)和 “黄蒿素”(云南)。1974年,黄花蒿素和黄蒿素都被认为都是北京的青蒿素。

虽然青蒿素历史有很多争论,无异议的是:

1、屠呦呦提出用乙醚提取,乙醚提取对于发现青蒿的作用、和进一步研究青蒿都很关键;

2、具体分离纯化获得青蒿素的钟裕蓉,也无疑是屠呦呦课题组的成员;

3、其他提取到青蒿素的小组是在公开会议上得知屠呦呦小组发现青蒿作用以后进行的。


有关青蒿素的历史回顾很多,本文仅限于明确一个问题:屠呦呦确实在青蒿素的发现过程中起了关键作用。其他课题组和科学家,确实起了很重要作用,屠呦呦的工作有前人的基础,也有她课题组人员起很重要作用。肯定她的作用并不埋没其他人的作用。应该有更详细的历史记载,让人们知道“523任务”组织者和主要参与者的贡献。

2

 张亭栋和砒霜

砒霜的化学成分为亚砷酸(三氧化二砷)。用砒霜治病,中药有传统,西方也曾用过。
▲三氧化二砷的分子结构

1971年3月,哈尔滨医学院第一附属医院的药师韩太云从民间中医得知用砒霜、轻粉(氯化亚汞)和蟾蜍等治疗淋巴结核和癌症,韩太云将其改制水针剂,称“713”“癌灵”注射液,通过肌肉注射治癌,有些肿瘤病例见效,但毒性太大而导致被弃。公众号雨中红莲(yuzhlian)

哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院中医科的张亭栋继续此工作。张亭栋1950年代毕业于哈尔滨医科大学、六十年代曾经参加西医学中医训练班。

▲张亭栋

1973年,张亭栋、张鹏飞、王守仁、韩太云《黑龙江医药》发表论文,报道他们用“癌灵注射液”(以后也称“癌灵1号)治疗6例白血病病人。他们明确主要用砒霜的化学成分“亚砷酸(三氧化二砷)”和微量“轻粉(氯化地汞)”,结果6例慢性粒细胞性白血病人都有改善,对其中一例有急性变的患者也有效。他们提到还正在研究对急性白血病的作用。

1979年张亭栋和荣福祥在《黑龙江医药》发表《癌灵一号注射液与辩证论治治疗急性粒细胞型白血病》

总结他们1973年至1978年治疗急性粒细胞型白血病总共55例,其中1973年至1974年23例用癌灵一号,1975年至1976年用癌灵一号加少量化疗治20例,1977年至1978年用癌灵一号加少量化疗治12例。


对于每一个病例,他们都具体分型,有明确的疗效观察。全部55例都有不同程度的好转,缓解率70%12例完全缓解,对病人的毒副作用小,他们还用十倍于成人的剂量,给12只家兔注射癌灵一号,未见心、肝、脾、肾毒性作用。

可以说,到1979年,张亭栋和不同的同事合作发表的论文,清晰地奠定了我们今天的认识:三氧化二砷治疗白血病、特别是急性早幼粒白血病(acutepromyelocytic leukemia,APL,也既法国-美国-英国分型的M3型白血病)。

急性早幼粒白血病(APL),曾被认为是白血病比较凶猛致死的一种。1973年,法国Bernard等推出的西药化疗大大提高了治愈率,其后改进的方案成为世界主流治疗方法。1973年张亭栋等发现亚砷酸(三氧化二砷,As2O3)对白血病的治疗作用、至1979年完全清楚其最佳适应症为M3型白血病(也就是APL)

3

迟迟未至的认同

屠呦呦张亭栋的研究成果,国际国内都认可,都得到了应用,直接产生治病救人的效果。但是,两人由于不同的原因,都一度没有获得国内外充分的认可。

青蒿素的发现和应用,广为人知。而屠呦呦的贡献,却一直有争议。其原因,还待历史学家细究。初步可以看到:

与齐心协力的“两弹一星”大计划不同,青蒿素的研究几乎从头到尾经常出现矛盾,不同课题组之间矛盾,课题组内部不同人之间的矛盾。


当时的研究人员,因为特殊时代的原因,一般年资都比较低,有了课题组也相互不服气。论文写作不及时、发表不规范,英文论文更滞后,留下争议的余地。如果按现在自己先发表论文再与他人分享,争论会少很多。不过,这样虽然对科研人员好,对于病人就不一定是最好:

如果都要等一家发了论文,其他课题组才能用药,当时有些病人就不可能用药,其中有些生命可能就不存在了。


张亭栋虽然被《纽约时报》报道过,但当时未受到国内的充分肯定,在国际学术和医学界也几乎默默无闻,其原因不在矛盾。他的课题组,有人发生过矛盾,但在很后面。从1973年开始发表的论文中,张亭栋的关键作用很清晰。他未被很好地认可,可能与所在地区有关,也和他英文论文较少、缺乏国际视野和国际交流有关。不能完全排除他本人没有充分意识到其工作重要性的可能性。

国内肯定张亭栋和屠呦呦等,不仅是对于他们迟到的感谢,也有利于中国和世界认识中药是尚未充分开发的宝库。直接马上可以研究的是确定三氧化二砷的可能还有其他治疗作用。

严格地研究其他中药成分的作用,可能还有更多发现。中国一些医院模模糊糊用的一些药、和很多企业马马虎虎地仓促上马制造一些药,如果有严格检验,可能适应症会更明确,世界才能接受,真正适合的病人才能得到帮助。

▲“523任务”研究人员合影

研究青蒿素“523任务”历史,有助于了解中国大科学计划、大协作的优点和缺点“两弹一星”是成功的例子,青蒿素的经验并不同于两弹一星。而彼时还有遍布全国的“气管炎办公室”“慢性老年性肺心病”等课题,耗费的人力、物力可能不下“523”,但结局并不乐观。汲取这些先例的经验和教训,对于目前的多个大项目,也许有裨益。

如果哪天屠呦呦和张亭栋获得了中国的普遍认可、甚至世界的肯定(编者注:作者写作本文时是2011年),我希望,中国大众不能简单地英雄崇拜,认为他们是完人。他们不是,也没有人是。

他们的工作都有前人的基础、以及合作者的贡献。在青蒿素发现过程中,全国合作的任务,很多人参与了、并作出重要贡献。屠呦呦课题组内部多个成员也有重要贡献。不能因为肯定屠呦呦就否定课题组其他人员的贡献、其他课题组的贡献。

他们的药物救了成千上万人的生命,我们应该推崇他们的工作、肯定他们的成就。科学,有着客观的标准,也可以通过争论将我们带近真理。 

4

院士制度改革需靠“自律”:
重新称为“学部委员”

中国的院士制度,是因为加上中国的文化和中国目前的水平,才带来一些副作用。

院士制度特权最大的是前苏联,而不是中国,但是前苏联的院士制度副作用并不大。在中国的副作用,设立时很难预见。我自己在加州大学(80年代)或哈佛大学(90年代初),曾致信当时的中国科学院院长周光召,建议将当时的“学部委员”改成“院士”,这封信是否起作用任何,我不知道。
但是,无论是我,还是真正做出决定的中国科学院学部(可能还有国务院批准),称呼改成院士都是因为认为需要更多尊重科学家。那时,即使两弹一星的元勋们,生活条件和社会地位,都与他们的贡献不相称。那时不能预计到现在的问题,包括对中国文化对头衔重视的程度。

很多人以为院士的所谓副部级待遇,其实不是很重要。在北京、上海,一些院士看到主管自己经费的司局级(甚至处级)都点头哈腰,从无副部级的感觉。头衔的意义大于待遇。如果将“院士”重新改成“学部委员”,使学术荣誉回归只能在学界内部有价值而不方便用于学界以外,过一段时间,可能副作用就要减少很多。是否愿意改成“学部委员”在于科学院领导和主席团是否愿意,换个时髦的说法,这叫“自律”

5
中青年科学工作者做院士
而荣休是个亟需解决的问题

无论对院士制度如何想法的人,都担心有一些中青年科学工作者(其实还不到中国真正“科学家”的水平),当了院士以后,就不真正积极做科研,带来明显的问题:

1、有些人做科研的目的就是做院士,所以,一旦当选院士,就积极做其他事情;

2、这些人给学生树立不良榜样,有些学生也决心步其后尘、走入歧途,影响中国科学今后的发展方向;

3、这些人不积极做科学,并非没有资源,而在资源比较多和权力比较大的情况下,不积极做科学,那么就给国家的科研投资带来较大的浪费

4、从普遍情况来说,中国目前科学水平还不是很高,一些(虽然不是全部)中青年科学工作者在做到国际上比较好大学的副教授,就在当选院士后离开科研一线(“国际副教授水平做中国院士而荣休”),等于对中国科学釜底抽薪,使中国科学的高度被“封顶”“腰斩”。

 

6

和院士竞赛相互激励

能否解决“国际副教授水平做中国院士而荣休”的问题?除“自律”以外,我们也可以试图给予激励。比如,我这几天有个想法,是个“以身殉职”的竞赛建议:

殉职的意思是说,这个竞赛的失败者,已经定义是我本人,而胜者是那些现在和将来在中国做科学比我好的人;


在十年以后(2022年8月17日),看看有多少中国的院士超过饶毅在中国的科学工作;


因为有些院士回国比我早,所以从现在算起不太合理,所以比较的年代可以从20年前1992年开始,到2022年为止,共30年,只以在中国进行、以中国为第一地址发表的论文;


竞赛的对象主要是生命科学做探索性科学研究的院士,年龄大的不算因为他们的时代和背景不同,而是和我年资相同或更年轻还有冲劲的,也就是在1977、1978年以后上大学,1991年以后获得博士学位,或1994年以后有独立课题组;其他人有兴趣也可以自愿加入;


竞赛的标准是在中国做的科学研究,是否针对重要和有意义的问题,其工作对本学科领域的贡献在世界上、在人类知识推进上,起到了什么作用。


我们不用担心谁评价。十年后(2022年),中国(和海外华人)能够评价科学水平的人自然应该更多。如果不行,就由中国科学院生命科学和医学学部也行。大家说了,我就不说。当然,大家都不评价,我也可以说。

6

乐观的“孩子气”好于
不良的“中国式成熟”

我的目的,不是让大家不如我。而是真心期盼很多人比我好。我现在就知道有很好的,比我好的,不过不一定都在科学院院士行列。

和我竞赛不是很难。因为,我将继续32岁以后的习惯:晚上和周末习惯性不上班、还看专业以外书籍和写杂文、实验室研究生和博士自主做科研(如何上下班不是我的事情和休假不用请假)。所以,中青年院士(和其他自愿参加竞赛者)肯定容易超过我。

我这么做,也许不仅使得一些院士因为爱面子而积极做科研,可能还激励科学院生命科学医学学部,特别是微观生物学小组,积极选拔一些真正好的人做院士,这样十年以后来看,比饶毅好的人里面,全部(或多数)还是院士,而不是院外比饶毅好的人多于院内。

这样的竞赛是否小孩子气?也许。不过有理想的孩子气远远好于中国不良习俗的所谓“成熟”:在国际上畏畏缩缩不能上台面,在国内背后搞人水平高。

公开提出竞赛,也许能起良性的激励和鞭策作用:

提倡在中国做好科学研究,共同努力提高中国目前还不高的科学水平。

国士无双,岂容滥竽充数观

以前提到院士,我们想到邓稼先钱学森还有被拒之门外的屠呦呦,远渡重洋的颜宁、许晨阳以后,烟酒院士就要与这些大师们并驾齐驱了。推杯换盏拜王莉,吐雾吞云谢剑平。技术含量不高但侮辱性极强
所谓院士,是为国士。国士无双,岂容滥竽充数兹事体大,请慎之又慎!给赛先生留条底裤,也给科学界留片净土罢。我们的征途是星辰大海不是烟酒院士猪圈茅台
正如央媒评茅台院士:
兹事体大,请慎重!


50. All you can do is to try your best. Even with those small steps, you're closer to your goal than you were yesterday. 我们能做的只是拼尽全力,即使迈出的步子再小,也比昨天要更接近自己的目标。51. A smile is the shortest distance between two people. 微笑是人与人之间最短的距离。52. Do or do not. There is no try. 要么做,要么滚!没有试试看这一说。53. Courage is being afraid but going on anyhow. 勇气就是虽感恐惧,但仍会前行。54. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. 人可以被毁灭,但不可以被打败。55. A truly happy person is one who can enjoy the scenery while on a detour. 真正快乐的人是那种在走弯路时也不忘享受风景的人。56. No dream is too big, and no dreamer is too small. 梦想再大也不嫌大,追梦的人再小也不嫌小。57. It doesn't matter how many times you fail. What matters is how many times you stand up and try again. 失败多少次不重要,重要的是你能重新站起来多少次,并且继续前行。58. Silence is the most powerful cry. 沉默是最有力的呐喊。《美丽人生》 59. A little consideration, a little thought for others makes all the difference. 一点点体贴,一点点为他人着想,会让一切都不一样。60. Stop waiting for things to happen.Go out and make them happen. 别指望事情会自然发生,行动起来,让它们变成可能!61. Don't look forward to tomorrow, don't miss yesterday, to grasp today. 不憧憬明天,不留念昨天,只把握今天。62. Now we don't call it alive. It's just not to die. 我们现在不叫活着,这只是没有死去。《疯狂原始人》 63. You can change your life if you want to. Sometimes you have to be hard on yourself, but you can change it completely. 有志者事竟成。有时虽劳其筋骨,但命运可以彻底改变。《唐顿庄园》 64. Time will bring a surprise, if you believe. 时间会带来惊喜,如果你相信的话。《浮生物语》 65. What others think is not important . How you feel about yourself is all that matters. 别人怎么想并不重要,你怎么看自己才是关键。66. Don't cry because it is over,smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣,微笑吧,因为你曾经拥有。67. Tomorrow is never clear. Our time is here. 明天是未知的,我们还是享受此刻吧!《摇滚夏令营》 68. Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. 生活要么大胆尝试,要么什么都不是。69. Pursue excellence and success will follow. 追求卓越,成功自然来。《三傻大闹宝莱坞》 70. Climb mountains not so the world can see you, but so you can see the world. 爬上山顶并不是为了让全世界看到你,而是让你看到整个世界。71. Every step towards your dream today is a step away from your regret tomorrow. 今日为梦想所付出的每一份努力都会减少明日的一份后悔。72. It's never too late to be what you might have been. 勇敢做自己,永远都不迟。(乔治·艾略特) 73. It's time to start living the life you've imagined. 是时候开始过自己想要的生活了!95. How can men succumb to force? 男人怎么能屈服于“武力”之下?《海贼王》 96. Life is like live TV show. There is no rehearsal. 人生没有彩排,只有现场直播。97. Dress shabbily and they remember the dress; dress impeccably and they remember the woman. 穿着破旧,人们记住衣服;穿着无瑕,人们则记住衣服里的女人。(Coco Chanel) 98. Hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies. 希望是一件好事,也许是人间至善,而美好的事永不消逝。《肖申克的救赎》 99. There are so many beautiful reasons to be happy. 有太多太多美好的理由让你笑对生活。100. Where the more different you are, the better. 你们之间越是不同,越好。(Glee) 101. I'm only brave when I have to be. Being brave doesn't mean you go looking for trouble. 我只在必要时才勇敢,勇敢并不代表你要到处闯祸。《狮子王》 102. Behind every successful man there's a lot of unsuccessful years. 每个牛B的成功者都经历过苦B的岁月。(鲍博.布朗) 103. If you want something done, do it yourself. 靠谁都不如靠自己。《第五元素》 104. Life is a wonderful journey. Make it your journey and not someone else's. 生命是一段精彩旅程,要活的有自己的样子,而不是别人的影子。105. No matter how many mistakes you make or how slowly you progress, you are already ahead of those who never tried. 无论你犯了多少错,或者进步得有多慢,你都走在了那些不曾尝试的人的前面。106. Some things are so important that they force us to overcome our fears. 总有些更重要的事情,赋予我们打败恐惧的勇气。107. Say to yourself: "No matter how many obstacles I encounter in life, I will do all that I can to complete the whole course." 请对自己说:无论生活之路上会遇到多少障碍,我会竭尽所能地跑完这一程。108. No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。109. Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. 与其努力成功,不如努力成为有价值的人。(爱因斯坦) 110. Remember when life's path is steep to keep your mind even. 记住:当人生很苦逼的时候,你要保持淡定。111. If you're brave enough to say GOODBYE, life will reward you with a new HELLO. 只要你勇敢地说出再见,生活一定会给你一个新的开始。112. Sometimes the right path is not the easiest one. 对的那条路,往往不是最好走的。113. Just trust yourself, then you will know how to live. 只要相信自己,你就会懂得如何去生活。114. In life it's not where you go. It's who you travel with. 生命中,重要的不是你去哪里,而是与谁同行。115. Life is like a rainbow. You don't always know what's on the other side, but you know it's there. 生活像一道彩虹,你不知道另一端通向哪里,但你会知道,它总是在那里。116. When the world says,"Give up!"Hope whispers,"Try it one more time." 当全世界都在说“放弃”的时候,希望却在耳边轻轻地说:“再试一次吧”!117. I don't care about other questions and I just try to be myself. 我不在乎别人的质疑,我只会做好自己。118. Attempt doesn't necessarily bring success, but giving up definitely leads to failure. 努力不一定成功,但放弃一定失败!119. The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today. 对明天最好的准备就是今天做到最好。120. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. 你已经一无所有,没有什么道理不顺心而为。(乔布斯) 121. Life is a journey, one that is much better traveled with a companion by our side. 人生是一场旅程,我们最好结伴同行。122. Sometimes you have to fall before you can fly. 有时候,你得先跌下去,才能飞起来。123. If you are able to appreciate beauty in the ordinary, your life will be more vibrant. 如果你擅于欣赏平凡中的美好,你的生活会更加多姿多彩。124. Be who you are, and never ever apologize for that! 坚持做自己,并永远不要为此而后悔!125. Consider the bad times as down payment for the good times. Hang in there. 把苦日子当做好日子的首付,坚持就是胜利!126. Do not pray for easy lives, pray to be stronger. 与其祈求生活平淡点,还不如祈求自己强大点。127. Everybody can fly without wings when they hold on to their dreams. 坚持自己的梦想,即使没有翅膀也能飞翔。128. There is no such thing as a great talent without great will power. 没有伟大的意志力,便没有雄才大略。129. You can't change your situation. The only thing that you can change is how you choose to deal with it. 境遇难以改变,你能改变的唯有面对它时的态度。130. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的事,就值得做好。131. Perfection is not just about control.It's also about letting go. 完美不仅在于控制,也在于释放。《黑天鹅》 132. Dream is what makes you happy, even when you are just trying. 梦想就是一种让你感到坚持就是幸福的东西。133. Never frown,because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 别愁眉不展,因为你不知道谁会爱上你的笑容。134. It's easy once you know how. 一旦你明白,就会很简单。135. In order to be irreplaceable, one must always be different. 要做到不可替代,就要与众不同。136. I honestly think it is better to be a failure at something you love than to be a success at something you hate. 宁愿失败地做你爱做的事情,也不要成功地做你恨做的事情。(George Burns) 137. Don't hide. Run! You'll make it to tomorrow. 别躲避,奔跑吧,你就会找到明天。138. Life comes with many challenges.The ones that should not scare us are the ones we can take on and take control of. 生活充满了挑战,唯有勇敢面对并自我掌控,我们才能克服恐惧。(安吉丽娜·朱莉) 139. Life doesn't just happen to you; you receive everything in your life based on what you've given. 一切发生在你身上的都不是碰巧。你获得什么,在于你付出了什么。140.You are more beautiful than you think. 你,要比你想象的更美丽。141. Throughout life's complications, you should maintain such a sense of elegance. 不管生活有多不容易,你都要守住自己的那一份优雅。142. When you feel like giving up, remember why you held on so long in the first place. 每当你想要放弃的时候,就想想是为了什么才一路坚持到现在。143. Enjoy your youth.You'll never be younger than you are at this very moment. 好好享受青春,你再也不会有哪个时刻会比此时更年轻了。144. You'd better bring, cause I'll bring every I've got it. 你最好全神贯注,因为我定会全力以赴!145. Take time to enjoy the simple things in life. 慢慢享受生活中的简单。146. As long as you are still alive, you will definitely encounter the good things in life. 只要活着就一定会遇上好事。147. Hold on, it gets better than you know. 挺住,事情会比你想像中要好!148. If you are fine,the sun will always shine. 你若安好,便是晴天。149. What doesn't kill you makes you stronger. 磨难会让你更强大。150. Every life deserves our respect. 每一个生命都应该被尊重。151. The best feeling in the world is when you know your heart is smiling. 世间最美好的感受,就是发现自己的心在笑。152. Don't ever underestimate the heart of a champion. 永远不要低估一颗冠军的心。(Rudy Tomjanovich) 153. There is nothing permanent except change. 唯一不变的是变化。154. The difference between successful persons and others is that they really act. 成功者和其他人最大的区别就是,他们真正动手去做了。155. Don't follow the crowd, let the crowd follow you. 不要随波逐流,要引领潮流。(Margaret Thatcher) 156. People pay in advance for a coffee meant for someone who cannot afford a warm beverage. 人们提前买咖啡,让付不起的人享受温暖。157. No one is born a genius.Just keep on doing what you like and that itself is a talent. 哪有什么天才!坚持做你喜欢的事情,这本身就是一种天赋。(大野智) 158. The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page. 世界是一本书,不旅行的人只读了其中一页。159. You can create something more glorious than the championship. 你可以创造比冠军更荣耀的事。160. You never get a second chance to make a first impression. 永远没有第二次机会,给人留下第一印象。161. You can always be a worse version of "him", or better version of yourself. 你不是要做一个单纯优秀的人,而是要做一个不可替代的人。162. Give every day the chance to become the most beautiful day of your life. 让每一天都有机会成为你人生中最美好的一天。163. Honesty is the best policy. 做人以诚信为本。164. To a crazy ship all winds are contrary. 对于一只漫无目标的船而言,任何方向的风都是逆风。165. The outer world you see is a reflection of your inner self. 你看到什么样的世界,你就拥有什么样的内心。166. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。167. Knowing what you cannot do is far more important than knowing what you are capable of. 知道自己不能做什么远比知道自己能做什么重要。168. People cry, not because they're weak. It's because they've been strong for too long. 哭泣,不代表脆弱,只因坚强了太久。169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 别留念昨天了,把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢,没人替你坚强。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你没有梦想,那么你只能为别人的梦想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. 只要你给自己机会,你会发现你的世界可以很美丽。173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. 赢与输的差别通常是--不放弃。(华特·迪士尼) 174. I am ordinary yet unique. 我很平凡,但我独一无二。175. I like people who make me laugh in spite of myself. 我喜欢那些让我笑起来的人,就算是我不想笑的时候。176. Image a new story for your life and start living it. 为你的生命想一个全新剧本,并去倾情出演吧!177. I'd rather be a happy fool than a sad sage. 做个悲伤的智者,不如做个开心的傻子。178. The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. 未来属于那些相信梦想之美的人。(埃莉诺·罗斯福) 179. Even if you get no applause, you should accept a curtain call gracefully and appreciate your own efforts. 即使没有人为你鼓掌,也要优雅的谢幕,感谢自己的认真付出。180. Don't let dream just be your dream. 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧,见的世面多了,你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧,管它会怎样。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好计划胜过明天的完美计划。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能!“不可能”的意思是:“不,可能。”(奥黛丽·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的,不管你的境遇如何,你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 无论多么艰难,都要继续前进,因为只有你放弃的那一刻,你才输了。189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必须十分努力,才能看起来毫不费力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像骑单车,只有不断前进,才能保持平衡。(爱因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 拥有一颗感恩的心,最终你会得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一种内心的感觉,并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亚·罗兰) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用,就是让你快乐加倍,痛苦减半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 当你真心渴望某样东西时,整个宇宙都会来帮忙。     When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high school, he wandered through the Midwest picking up work as a mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Like many who lived through the war, they had experienced enough excitement that, when it was over, they desired simply to settle down, raise a family, and lead a less eventful life. They had little money, so they moved to Wisconsin and lived with Paul’s parents for a few years, then headed for Indiana, where he got a job as a machinist for International Harvester. His passion was tinkering with old cars, and he made money in his spare time buying, restoring, and selling them. Eventually he quit his day job to become a full-time used car salesman. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later来源:小兵说天下

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