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干货丨QCA操作参考文献

萜妹 萜心话 2022-09-14

上周萜妹分享了QCA的实操视频,在里头萜妹演示了具体的操作,但是部分依据并没有附上参考文献,所以萜妹决定在这篇里头好好给小可爱们介绍一下。


本篇推送搭配示范视频观看更佳。顺便一提,萜妹把教程发B站啦(账号名:萜妹),欢迎小可爱们来找我呀。那里后续也会更新其他教程和Vlog,期待小可爱们哦!


回归正题,那我们开始吧~

本期推送目标:知晓各操作依据

演示视频主要是基于Pappas和Woodside的《Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for  research practice in Information Systems and marketing》一文。长伟兄已经大致翻译过这篇文章(链接在文末),我就不再重复。


萜妹这里着重梳理数据操作部分,并将附上各操作依据的参考文献。

反向案例分析

这一步是为了证明数据是否适合进行定性比较分析,类似于跨层分析中的ICC。

不过目前会进行这一步的研究较少,主要参考文献有:

  • Woodside, A. G. (2014). Embrace• perform• model: Complexity theory, contrarian case analysis, and multiple realities. Journal of Business Research, 67(12), 2495–2503.

  • Pappas, I. O., Kourouthanassis, P. E., Giannakos, M. N., & Chrissikopoulos, V. (2016).  Explaining online shopping behavior with fsQCA: The role of cognitive and affective  perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 794–803.

【原理介绍:Woodside-2014-JBR】

这篇文章中作者提出在检验变量间关系时,尽管大多数情况都支持主效应,但还是有可能存在与主效应相反的情况,这种情况可以通过反向案例分析来确定。

分析后可得如下表格。

因为有超过四分之一的数据无法用主效应解释,因此适合采用定性比较分析。

【实操参考:Pappas et al.-2016-JBR】

文中进行了反向案例分析,最终得:

具体的操作是:将各个变量五等分,再进行交叉表格处理,得到一个5×5的表。

黑框中的案例代表主效应,而斜体的案例则不能用主效应来解释,即样本中存在的反向案例。

校准

校准的原理和方法萜妹已经介绍过很多次啦,这次就不展开介绍,只把参考文献附上。

注:萜妹找的参考文献只是部分,不代表只能参考这些。另外,运用对应的参考文献时,最好回原文看看,可能是有特殊的选择理由。

【按95、50、5百分数校准】

  • Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond (Vol. 240). Wiley  Online Library.

  • Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (2009). Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative  comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques (Vol. 51). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage  Publications.

【按80、50、20百分数校准

  • Pappas, I. O., Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M. N., & Pavlou, P. A. (2017). Value co-creation  and trust in social commerce: An fsQCA approach. Paper Presented at the 25th  European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).

  • Papamitsiou, Z., Pappas, I. O., Sharma, K., & Giannakos, M. (2020). Utilizing multimodal  data through fsQCA to explain engagement in adaptive learning. IEEE Transactions on  Learning Technologies, 13(4), 689–703.

【5点量表:按5、3、1校准】

  • Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393–420.

  • Poorkavoos, M. , Duan, Y. , Edwards, J. S. , & Ramanathan, R. . (2016). Identifying the configurational paths to innovation in smes: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5843-5854.

【5点量表:按4、2.5、1】

  • Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393–420.

这里是因为实际观察的最大值只有 4。

【5点量表:按5、3.5、1】

  • Jacobs, S., & Cambre, B. (2020). Designers' road(s) to success: Balancing exploration and exploitation. Journal of Business Research, 115, 241-249. 

【7点量表:按6、4、2】

  • Ordanini, A.; Parasuraman, A.; Rubera, G.  (2014). When the Recipe Is More Important Than the Ingredients: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Service Innovation Configurations. Journal of Service Research, 17(2), 134–149.

  • Pappas, I. O., Kourouthanassis, P. E., Giannakos, M. N., & Chrissikopoulos, V. (2016).  Explaining online shopping behavior with fsQCA: The role of cognitive and affective  perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 794–803.

【7点量表:按6、4.5、3】

  • Mikalef, P., & Pateli, A. (2017). Information technology-enabled dynamic capabilities and their indirect effect on competitive performance: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA. Journal of Business Research, 70, 1-16. 

将完全非隶属选为3而不是2,是基于受访者回答肯定(强烈同意)的偏见。

组态分析参数

附上部分涉及组态分析参数的参考文献:

【Overall solution  consistency:>0.75】

  • Pappas, I. O. , & Woodside, A. G. . (2021). Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsqca): guidelines for research practice in information systems and marketing. International Journal of Information Management, 58(3), 102310

【Raw consistency:>0.80】

  • Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393–420.

  • Dul, J. (2016). Identifying single necessary conditions with NCA and fsQCA. Journal of  Business Research, 69(4), 1516–1523.

也可以选择更高的自然断点。

【PRI consistency:>0.70】

  • Greckhamer, T., Furnari, S., Fiss, P. C., & Aguilera, R. V. (2018). Studying configurations  with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization  research. Strategic Organization, 18(3), 482–495.

实际操作中,这个值很难达到这么高。Pappas et al.,(2016)中最小的PRI为0.45。

【Frequency:小样本为1,大样本看情况】

样本数<60,频率为1。

  • Capatina, A., Micu, A., Micu, A. E., Bouzaabia, R., & Bouzaabia, O. (2018). Countrybased comparison of accommodation brands in social media: An fsQCA approach.  Journal of Business Research, 89, 235–242.

样本数500+,频率2~3。

  • Pappas, I. O., Kourouthanassis, P. E., Giannakos, M. N., & Chrissikopoulos, V. (2016).  Explaining online shopping behavior with fsQCA: The role of cognitive and affective  perceptions. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 794–803.

样本数3000+,频率选择后最好仍包括80%的案例。

  • Schmitt, A. K., Grawe, A., & Woodside, A. G. (2017). Illustrating the power of fsQCA in  explaining paradoxical consumer environmental orientations. Psychology &  Marketing, 34(3), 323–334.

  •  Sergis, S., Sampson, D. G., & Giannakos, M. N. (2018). Supporting school leadership  decision making with holistic school analytics: Bridging the qualitative-quantitative  divide using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Computers in Human  Behavior, 89, 355–366.

稳健性检验

稳健性检验的方式也有很多,最常见的应该是改变校准点或者一致性阈值来进行检验。

  • 张明, & 杜运周. (2019). 组织与管理研究中qca方法的应用:定位,策略和方向. 管理学报, 016(009), 1312-1323.

在Pappas和Woodside的文章中也介绍了,通过对不同样本进行分析,以检验预测有效性。

  • Pappas, I. O. , & Woodside, A. G. . (2021). Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsqca): guidelines for research practice in information systems and marketing. International Journal of Information Management, 58(3), 102310


啦啦啦,这篇推送就到这里啦。虽然列举了些参考标准,但这也并不代表全部哈,毕竟萜妹对QCA的涉猎还是有限的,小可爱们如果能有所补充就更好啦。


最后,QCA的更新会暂时告一段落,目前手头上没有堆积的学术素材啦,下周大概率会是日常吼。


那我们下周见啦~


下期预告:《视频丨新婚日记》


往期推送

➪干货丨QCA全过程视频示范

➪干货丨模糊集校准心得

➪干货丨QCA之必要条件分析

➪范文丨QCA之二手数据分析

➪合集丨QCA笔记整理

➪干货丨数据分析全过程视频示范

相关推送

➪定性比较分析(QCA)操作指南:Pappas和Woodside(2021)一文的翻译




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