其他
【大百科词条（稿）】欧哈拉（Ohala）
美国时间8月22日晩上，美国加州大学伯克利分校语言学系主任Keith Johnson 教授发布了国际著名语音学家、该系荣休教授John Ohala去世的消息：
Keith JohnsonChair, Berkeley Linguistics
本刊特发表中国社会科学院语言研究所胡方研究员撰写的大百科词条（稿）“欧哈拉”，以悼念John Ohala教授。
欧哈拉
英文条头：John J. Ohala学科主编：刘丹青分支学科：语音学分支主编：石锋、李爱军 全名约翰•杰罗姆•欧哈拉（John Jerome Ohala，1941.7.19～2020.8.22)，美国加州大学伯克利分校语言学系荣休教授，国际著名语音学家、音系学家，国际语音学会（IPA）主席（1995—1999）。 欧哈拉1941年7月19日出生于芝加哥，1969年毕业于洛杉矶加州大学，师从赖福吉教授，获博士学位。1970年起任教于伯克利加州大学语言学系，加入由王士元创建的音系实验室（Phonology Lab），1975年始，王士元创建POLA研究组（Project on Linguistic Analysis），欧哈拉执掌音系实验室，2004年荣休，他的继任者为基斯•约翰逊（Keith Johnson）。
欧哈拉的研究兴趣是实验室音系学与语音学，以及语言的行为学方面，包括语音感知、语音演变、语音与音系普遍性、音系的心理语言学研究、语音象似性等。欧哈拉对生成学派音系学以及优选论（Optimality Theory）持批评态度，自1980年代以来便倡导用实验方法来研究音系学，反对传统音系学对语言“内部”与“外部”的区分并只着重内部结构的研究旨趣，强调生理与心理因素的作用，提倡用更可靠的数据更直接地去探索说话人的音系知识。其与耶里•耶格（Jeri J. Jaeger）于1986年主编的《实验音系学》（Experimental Phonology）影响深远，首次明确提出了实验音系学的概念。类比科学实验的可重复性，欧哈拉著名的论点是要在实验室重复音变的发生，而他最著名的成就就是在实验室证明了听话人对说话人语音的感知差异导致了音变的发生[Ohala, J. J. 1981. The listener as a source of sound change. In: C. S. Masek, R. A. Hendrick, & M. F. Miller (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society 178 — 203]。
附录：欧哈拉主要著作1. Ohala, J. J. 1966. A new photoelectric glottograph. Working papers in phonetics (UCLA) 4.40—52.2. Hirano, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1969. Use of hooked-wire electrodes for electromyography of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research 12.362—73.3. Ohala, J. J. & Hirose, H. 1969. The function of the sternohyoid muscle in speech. Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 359—360.4. Ohala, J. J. 1971. Monitoring soft-palate movements in speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 50.140. [Abstract] [Full text: Project on Linguistic Analysis Reports (Berkeley) 13.JO1—JO15 (1971).]5. Ohala, J. J. 1971. The role of physiological and acoustic models in explaining the direction of sound change. Project on Linguistic Analysis Reports (Berkeley) 15.25—40.6. Ohala, J. J. 1972. How is pitch lowered? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52.124. [Abstract] Ms. written in 1973, expanding on this topic.7. Ohala, J. J. 1972. How to represent natural sound patterns. Project on Linguistic Analysis (Berkeley) 16.40—57.8. Ohala, J. J. 1972. The physiology of tone. In: L. M. Hyman (ed.), Consonant types and tone. Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics (University of Southern California) 1.1—14.9. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1973. The problem of aspiration in Hindi phonetics. [In Hindi] In: Hindi Bhashavigyan Ank Hindi. Delhi: Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India. 67—72. [Reprinted in English translation in: Project on Linguistic Analysis Reports (Berkeley) 16.63—70 (1972), and Annual Report, Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (University of Tokyo) 6.39—46 (1972).]10. Ohala, J. J. 1973. Explanations for the intrinsic pitch of vowels. Unpublished Manuscript.11. Ohala, J. J. 1974. Experimental historical phonology. In: J. M. Anderson & C. Jones (eds.), Historical linguistics II. Theory and description in phonology. [Proc. of the 1st Int. Conf. on Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh, 2—7 Sept. 1973.] Amsterdam: North Holland. 353—389.12. Ohala, J. J. 1975. Phonetic explanations for nasal sound patterns. In: C. A. Ferguson, L. M. Hyman, & J. J. Ohala (eds.), Nasálfest: Papers from a symposium on nasals and nasalization. Stanford: Language Universals Project. 289—316.13. Ohala, J. J. 1975. A mathematical model of speech aerodynamics. In: G. Fant (ed.), Speech Communication. [Proc., Speech Comm. Seminar. Stockholm, 1 - 3 Aug. 1974.] Vol. 2: Speech production and synthesis by rule. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 65 - 72.14. Ohala, J. J. 1975. The temporal regulation of speech. In: G. Fant & M. A. A. Tatham (eds.), Auditory analysis and the perception of speech. New York: Academic Press. 431—453. [preprint, dated 1973]15. Ohala, J. J. & Lyberg, B. 1976. Comments on 'Temporal interaction within a phrase and sentence context' [Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 56, 1258—1265 (1975)]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59.990—992.16. Ohala, J. J. 1977. The physiology of stress. In: L. M. Hyman (ed.), Studies in stress and accent. [Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics (University of Southern California)] 4.145—168.17. Ohala, J. J. & Lorentz, J. 1977. The story of [w]: an exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns. Berkeley Linguistic Society, Proceedings, Annual Meeting 3.577—599.18. Ohala, J. J. 1978. Southern Bantu vs. the world: the case of palatalization of labials. Berkeley Linguistic Society, Proceedings, Annual Meeting 4.370—386.19. Ohala, J. J. 1978. The production of tone. In: V. A. Fromkin (ed.), Tone: a linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press. 5—39.20. Ohala, J. J. 1978. Phonological notations as models. In: W. U. Dressler and W. Meid (eds.), Proceedings, 12th International Congress of Linguists, Vienna, Aug. 28 — Sept. 2, 1977. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beitrage zur Sprachwissenschaft. 811—816.21. Ohala, J. J. 1979. The contribution of acoustic phonetics to phonology. In: B. Lindblom & S. Öhman (eds.), Frontiers of speech communication research. London: Academic Press. 355—363.22. Ohala, J. J. 1979. Universals of labial velars and de Saussure's chess analogy. Proceedings, 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Institute of Phonetics. 41 - 47.23. Ohala, J. J. 1979. Phonetic universals in phonological systems and their explanation. [Summary of symposium moderator's introduction.] Proceedings, 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Institute of Phonetics. 5 - 8.24. Ohala, J. J. & Riordan, C. J. 1979. Passive vocal tract enlargement during voiced stops. In: J. J. Wolf & D. H. Klatt (eds.), Speech communication papers. New York: Acoustical Society of America 89 - 92. [Abstract: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 65.S23 (1978).]25. Hombert, J.-M., Ohala, J. J., & Ewan, W. G. 1979. Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language 55.37 - 58.26. Ohala, J. J. 1980. Moderator's summary of symposium on 'Phonetic universals in phonological systems and their explanation'. Proceedings, 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Vol. 3. Copenhagen: Institute of Phonetics. 181 - 194.27. Ohala, J. J. 1980. The acoustic origin of the smile. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68.S33. [Abstract]28. Ohala, J. J. 1980. The application of phonological universals in speech pathology. In: N. J. Lass (ed.), Speech and language. Advances in basic research and practice. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. 75-97.29. Greenlee, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1980. Phonetically motivated parallels between child phonology and historical sound change. Language Sciences 2.283-308.30. Ohala, J. J. & Gilbert, J. B. 1981. Listeners' ability to identify languages by their prosody. In: P. Leon & M. Rossi (eds.), Problémes de prosodie, Vol. II: Experimentations, modeles et fonctions. [Studia Phonetica 18]. Ottawa: Didier. 123-131.31. Ohala, J. J. 1981. Articulatory constraints on the cognitive representation of speech. In: T. Myers, J. Laver, & J. Anderson (eds.), The cognitive representation of speech. Amsterdam: North Holland. 111 - 122.32. Ohala, J. J. 1981. The listener as a source of sound change. In: C. S. Masek, R. A. Hendrick, & M. F. Miller (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society 178 - 203.33. Ohala, J. J. 1981. Speech timing as a tool in phonology. Phonetica 38.204-217.34. Ohala, J. J. 1983. The phonological end justifies any means. In: S. Hattori & K. Inoue (eds.), Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Linguists, Tokyo, 29 Aug. - 4 Sept. 1982. Tokyo. [Distributed by Sanseido Shoten.] 232 - 243.35. Ohala, J. J. 1983. The origin of sound patterns in vocal tract constraints. In: P. F. MacNeilage (ed.), The production of speech. New York: Springer-Verlag. 189 - 216.36. Ohala, J. J. 1983. Modern applied linguistics. In: Proceedings of the Arab School on Science and Technology, First Fall Session: Applied Arabic Linguistics and Signal and Information Processing. Damascus, Syria. 51 - 62.37. Ohala, J. J. 1984. An ethological perspective on common cross - language utilization of F0 of voice. Phonetica 41.1 - 16.38. Ohala, J. J. 1984. Chairman's summary of Symposium on Phonetic Explanation in Phonology. In: M. P. R. van den Broecke and A. Cohen (eds.), Proceedings, 10th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Dordrecht: Foris. 175 - 182.39. Ohala, J. J. & Kawasaki, H. 1984. Prosodic phonology and phonetics. Phonology Yearbook 1.113 - 127.40. Ohala, J. J. 1985. Around flat. In: V. Fromkin (ed.), Phonetic linguistics. Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 223-41.41. Ohala, J. J. & Jaeger, J. J. 1986. Introduction. In J. J. Ohala & J. J. Jaeger (eds.), Experimental phonology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 1 - 12.42. Ohala, J. J. & Ohala, M. 1986. Testing hypotheses regarding the psychological manifestation of morpheme structure constraints. In J. J. Ohala & J. J. Jaeger (eds.), Experimental phonology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 239 - 252.43. Ohala, J. J. 1986. Against the direct realist view of speech perception. Journal of Phonetics 14.75 - 82.44. Ohala, J. J. 1986. Consumer's guide to evidence in phonology. Phonology Yearbook 3.3 - 26.45. Ohala, J. J. 1987. Experimental phonology. Proceedings Annual Meeting, Berkeley Linguistic Society 13.207 - 222.46. Ohala, J. J. 1987. Explanation in phonology: Opinions and examples. In: W. U. Dressler, H. C. Luschützky, O. E. Pfeiffer, & J. R. Rennison (eds.), Phonologica 1984. Cambridge University Press. 215 - 225.47. Ohala, J. J. & Eukel, B. W. 1987. Explaining the intrinsic pitch of vowels. In: R. Channon & L. Shockey (eds.), In honor of Ilse Lehiste. Ilse Lehiste Pühendusteos. Dordrecht: Foris. 207-215.48. Ohala, M. and Ohala, J. 1987. Psycholinguistic probes of native speakers' phonological knowledge. In: W. U. Dressler, H. C. Luschützky, O. E. Pfeiffer, & J. R. Rennison (eds.), Phonologica 1984. Cambridge University Press. 227-233.49. Ohala, J. J. 1988. Linguistics as an experimental discipline. [Position statement.] Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America [Ad Hoc Committee on "Linguistics in the Undergraduate Curriculum."]50. Ohala, J. J. 1989. Discussion of Lindblom's 'Phonetic invariance and the adaptive nature of speech'. In B. A. G. Elsendoorn & H. Bouma (eds.), Working models of human perception. London: Academic Press. 175-183.51. Ohala, J. J. 1989. Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation. L. E. Breivik & E. H. Jahr (eds.), Language Change: Contributions to the study of its causes. [Series: Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs No. 43]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 173-198.52. Ohala, J. J. 1990. Respiratory activity in speech. In W. J. Hardcastle & A. Marchal (eds.), Speech production and speech modelling. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 23-53.53. Ohala, J. J. 1990. There is no interface between phonetics and phonology. A personal view. Journal of Phonetics. 18. 153-171.54. Ohala, J. J. & Shriberg, E. E. 1990. Hyper-correction in speech perception. Proceedings, ICSLP 90 [International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Kobe 18-22 Nov 1990]. Vol. 1, pp. 405-408.55. Ohala, J. J. 1990. The phonetics and phonology of aspects of assimilation. [And: A response to Pierrehumbert's commentary] In J. Kingston & M. Beckman (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and the physics of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 258-275; 280-282.56. Ohala, J. J. 1991. The integration of phonetics and phonology. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Aix-en-Provence, 19-24 Aug 1991. Vol. 1, pp. 1-16.57. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1991. Epenthetic nasals in the historical phonology of Hindi. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Aix-en-Provence, 19-24 Aug 1991. Vol. 3, pp. 126-129.58. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. 1991. Nasal epenthesis in Hindi [plus: Ohala, J. J. & Ohala, M., Reply to commentators]. Phonetica 48.207-220; 271-274.59. Ohala, J. J. 1992. The segment: Primitive or derived? in: Gerard J. Docherty & D. Robert Ladd (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonoloy II: Gesture, segment, prosody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 166-183.60. Ohala, J. J. 1992. What is the input to the speech production mechanism? in: Y. Tohkura, E. Vatikiotis-Bateson, Y. Sagisaka (eds.), Speech perception, production, and linguistic structure. Tokyo: Ohmsha. 297-311. [Reprinted in Speech Communication 11.369-378 (1992)]61. Ohala, J. J. 1992. What's cognitive, what's not, in sound change. In Günter Kellermann & Michael D. Morrissey (eds.), Diachrony within synchrony: Language history and cognition. [Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprache und Kulturwissenschaft 14] Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang Verlag. 309-355.62. Ohala, J. J. 1992. Alternatives to the sonority hierarchy for explaining the shape of morphemes. Papers from the Parasession on the Syllable. Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago. 319-338.63. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1992. Phonetic universals and Hindi segment duration. In Ohala, J. J., Nearey, T., Derwing, B., Hodge, M., & Wiebe, G. (eds.) Proceedings, International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Banff, 12-16 Oct 1992. Edmonton: University of Alberta. 831-834.64. Ohala, J. J. 1992. The costs and benefits of phonological analysis. In P. Downing, S. D. Lima, & M. Noonan (eds.), The Linguistics of literacy. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. 211-237.65. Ohala, J. J. 1993. Coarticulation and Phonology. Language & Speech 36 155-170.66. Ohala, J. J. 1993. The phonetics of sound change. In Charles Jones (ed.), Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives. London: Longman. 237-278.67. Ohala, J. J. & Ohala, M. 1993. The phonetics of nasal phonology: theorems and data. M. K. Huffman & R. A. Krakow (eds.), Nasals, nasalization, and the velum. [Phonetics and Phonology Series, Vol. 5] San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 225-249.68. Ohala, J. J. 1993. Sound change as nature's speech perception experiment. Speech Communication. 13.155-161. [Also reprinted in: G. Fant, K. Hirose, and S. Kiritani (eds.), 1996. Analysis, perception and processing of spoken language. Festschrift for Hiroya Fujisaki. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 155-161.]69. Ohala, J. J. 1994. Towards a universal, phonetically-based, theory of vowel harmony, ICSLP 3, Yokohama, pp. 491-494.70. Ohala, J. J. 1994. Phonetics. [pp. 3051-3053] In R. E. Asher and J. M. Y. Simpson (eds), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon.71. Ohala, J. J. & Feder, D. 1994. Listeners' identification of speech sounds is influenced by adjacent "restored" phonemes. Phonetica 51.111-118.72. Ohala, J. J. 1994. Acoustic study of clear speech: a test of the contrastive hypothesis. Proceedings, International Symposium on Prosody, September 18, 1994, Pacific Convention Plaza Yokohama. 75-89.73. Ohala, J. J. 1994. Hierarchies of environments for sound variation; plus implications for 'neutral' vowels in vowel harmony. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 27.371-382.74. Ohala, J. J. 1994. The frequency codes underlies the sound symbolic use of voice pitch. In L. Hinton, J. Nichols, & J. J. Ohala (eds.), Sound symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 325-347.75. Ohala, J. J. 1995. Experimental phonology. In John A. Goldsmith (ed.), A Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 713-722.76. Ohala, J. J. 1995. A probable case of clicks influencing the sound patterns of some European languages. Phonetica 52.160-170.77. Ohala, J. J. 1995. The phonetics of phonology. G. Bloothooft, V. Hazan, D. Huber, & J. Llisterri (eds.), European studies in phonetics and speech communication. Utrecht: OTS Publications. 85-89.78. Ohala, J. J. & Ohala, M. 1995. Speech perception and lexical representation: The role of vowel nasalization in Hindi and English. B. Connell & A. Arvaniti (eds.), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 41-6079. Ohala, J. J. & Busà, M. G. 1995. Nasal loss before voiceless fricatives: a perceptually-based sound change. [Special issue on The Phonetic basis of Sound Change, ed. by Carol A. Fowler] Rivista di Linguistica 7.125-144.80. Lang, C. E. & Ohala, J. J. 1996. Temporal cues for vowels and universals of vowel inventories, In ICSLP 4, Philadelphia. Pp. 434-437.81. Ohala, J. J. 1996. Speech perception is hearing sounds, not tongues. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99.1718-1725.82. Ohala, J. J. 1996. Ethological theory and the expression of emotion in the voice. Proceedings ICSLP 96, October 3-6, 1996. [4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Philadelphia]. Wilmington: University of Delaware. Vol. 3, pp. 1812-1815.83. Ohala, John J. & Kawasaki-Fukumori, Haruko. 1997 Alternatives to the sonority hierarchy for explaining segmental sequential constraints. In Stig Eliasson & Ernst Håkon Jahr (eds.), Language And Its Ecology: Essays In Memory Of Einar Haugen. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, Vol. 100. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 343-36584. Ohala, J. J. 1997. Comparison of speech sounds: Distance vs. cost metrics. In S. Kiritani, H. Hirose, & H. Fujisaki (eds.), Speech Production and Language. In honor of Osamu Fujimura. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 261 - 270.85. Ohala, J. J. 1997. Phonetics in phonology. Proceedings 4th Seoul International Conference on Linguistics [SICOL] 11-15 Aug 1997. 45-50. [Also published in: Linguistics in the Morning Calm 4.: Selected Papers from SICOL-97, ed. by the Linguistic Society of Korea. 1999. pp. 105-113.]86. Ohala, J. J. 1997. Aerodynamics of phonology. Proceedings 4th Seoul International Conference on Linguistics [SICOL] 11-15 Aug 1997. 92-97.87. Ohala, J. J. 1997. Emergent stops. Proceedings 4th Seoul International Conference on Linguistics [SICOL] 11-15 Aug 1997. 84-91.88. Ohala, J. J. 1997. Sound symbolism. Proceedings 4th Seoul International Conference on Linguistics [SICOL] 11-15 Aug 1997. 98-103.89. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. J. 1998. Correlation between consonantal VC transitions and degree of perceptual confusion of place contrast in Hindi. ICSLP 5, Sydney. pp. 2795-2798.90. Ohala, J. J. 2000. Phonetics in the Free Market of Scientific Ideas and Results. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2000, 30. 25-2991. Ohala, J. J. 2000. Irrelevance of the lowered larynx in modern Man for the development of speech. Evolution of Speech - ENST. Paris.92. Chang, S., Plauché, M. C., & Ohala, J. J. 2001. Markedness and consonant confusion asymmetries. In E. Hume & K. Johnson (eds.), The role of speech perception in phonology. San Diego CA: Academic Press. 79-101.93. Ohala, M. & Ohala, J. J. 2001. Acoustic VC transitions correlate with degree of perceptual confusion of place contrast in Hindi. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague. 31.265-284.94. Ohala, J. J. 2004. Phonetics and phonology then, and then, and now. In H. Quene & V. van Heuven (eds.), On speech and language: Studies for Sieb G. Nooteboom. LOT Occasional Series 2. 133-140.95. Ohala, J. J., A. Dunn, & R. Sprouse. 2004. Prosody and Phonology. Speech Prosody 2004, Nara, Japan. ISCA Archive.96. Ohala, J. J. 2005. Phonetic explanations for sound patterns. Implications for grammars of competence. In W. J. Hardcastle & J. M. Beck (eds.) A figure of speech. A festschrift for John Laver. London: Erlbaum. 23-38.97. Ohala, J. J. 2005. The marriage of phonetics and phonology. Acoustical Science and Technology, 26(5):418-422.
参考文献Ohala, J. J. Personal website, visited on 28 December 2016 at http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ohala/.
Plauché, Madelaine & Ohala, J. J. (1999). A century of phonetics at Berkeley. In Ohala, J. J., Bronstein, A. J., Busà, M. G., Lewis, J. A. & Weigel, W. F. (eds.) A guide to the history of the phonetic sciences in the United States, Issued on the occasion of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco, 1—7 August 1999, University of California, Berkeley, 1999, pp. 43—45.
（胡方）
【大百科词条（稿）】咽喉音
【大百科词条（稿）】口吃
【大百科词条（稿）】舌冠音
【大百科词条（稿）】元音【大百科词条（稿）】舌面音、喉塞音【大百科词条（稿）】语音合成【大百科词条（稿）】舌尖元音
【大百科词条（稿）】小舌音【大百科词条（稿）】发音语音学
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