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TED演讲：先吃好，才能学得更好！
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如果孩子处在饥饿或充满糖分缺少营养的饮食之中时，我们能够期待他们学到什么了？前白宫主厨，食物政策专家山姆·卡斯讨论了学校除了育人头脑之外，在增强学生体魄方面所起到的重要作用。
演讲者：Sam Kass
演讲题目：先吃好，才能学得更好！
我是一个大厨，也是一个食物政策专家，但是我来自一个教师家庭。我的姐姐是芝加哥的一个特殊教育老师，我的父亲当了25年的五年级老师，刚刚退休。我的姑姑和叔叔是教授。我的堂兄妹都是老师。基本上我家里的所有人除了我都是老师。
They taught me that the only way to get the right answers is to ask the right questions. So what are the right questions when it comes to improving the educational outcomes for our children? There's obviously many important questions, but I think the following is a good place to start: What do we think the connection is between a child's growing mind and their growing body? 他们教会我得到正确答案的唯一方式就是问出正确的问题。所以当谈到提高我们孩子的教育水平，什么才是正确的问题？显而易见有很多重要的问题，但是我觉得可以从这个问题开始：我们认为孩子发育中的头脑和他们发育中的身体有什么联系？
What can we expect our kids to learn if their diets are full of sugar and empty of nutrients? What can they possibly learn if their bodies are literally going hungry? And with all the resources that we are pouring into schools, we should stop and ask ourselves: Are we really setting our kids up for success?我们能够期望我们的孩子学到什么，如果他们的饮食充满糖分却缺少营养？如果他们的身体经常处于饥饿状态，他们怎么可能学到东西呢？我们向学校投入了大量的资源，但我们应该停下自问： “我们真的在为孩子们的成功铺路吗？”
Now, a few years ago, I was a judge on a cooking competition called "Chopped." Four chefs compete with mystery ingredients to see who can cook the best dishes. Except for this episode — it was a very special one. Instead of four overzealous chefs trying to break into the limelight — something that I would know nothing about — these chefs were school chefs; 几年前，我是一个烹饪节目 “厨艺大战（Chopped）”的裁判。大厨们用神秘食材比拼，看谁能煮出最棒的菜肴。除了某一集，这集非常特殊。不是四个专业的大厨尝试得到公众的注意——对这个我不太了解——这些大厨是学校厨师；
you know, the women that you used to call "lunch ladies," but the ones I insist we call "school chefs." Now, these women — God bless these women — spend their day cooking for thousands of kids, breakfast and lunch, with only $2.68 per lunch, with only about a dollar of that actually going to the food. 就是那些被你们称为“食堂大婶儿”的人，但我坚持叫她们“校园厨师”。这些女人——她们非常伟大——每天为上千个孩子做饭，早餐和午餐，每份午餐只有2.68美元的预算，而其中只有一美元真正花在了食物上。
In this episode, the main-course mystery ingredient was quinoa. Now, I know it's been a long time since most of you have had a school lunch, and we've made a lot of progress on nutrition, but quinoa still is not a staple in most school cafeterias.在这集节目中， 主要的神秘食材是藜麦。我知道距离你们大多数人上次吃学校午餐已经很久了，我们已经在营养上取得了很大进步，但是藜麦依旧不是学校餐厅的主食。
So this was a challenge. But the dish that I will never forget was cooked by a woman named Cheryl Barbara. Cheryl was the nutrition director at High School in the Community in Connecticut. She cooked this delicious pasta. It was amazing. It was a pappardelle with Italian sausage, kale, Parmesan cheese.It was delicious, like, restaurant-quality good, except — she basically just threw the quinoa, pretty much uncooked, into the dish. 所以这是一个挑战。但是我永远不会忘记一个名叫谢丽尔·巴巴拉的女人所煮的菜。谢丽尔是康涅狄格州社区高中的营养负责人。她能煮美味的意大利面食，非常好吃。是宽面条配意大利香肠，甘蓝和帕玛森芝士。非常美味，达到了餐馆水准，除了她基本上只是把没熟的藜麦扔进面里。
It was a strange choice, and it was super crunchy. So I took on the TV accusatory judge thing that you're supposed to do, and I asked her why she did that.这是一个奇怪的选择，而且吃起来非常脆。所以我做了电视节目裁判应该做的，我问她为什么这样做。
Cheryl responded, "Well, first, I don't know what quinoa is." "But I do know that it's a Monday, and that in my school, at High School in the Community, I always cook pasta."谢丽尔回答：“好吧，首先我不知道藜麦是什么。” “但是我知道今天是周一，在我的社区高中，我总是会煮意大利面。”
See, Cheryl explained that for many of her kids, there were no meals on the weekends. No meals on Saturday. No meals on Sunday, either. So she cooked pasta because she wanted to make sure she cooked something she knew her children would eat. Something that would stick to their ribs, she said.Something that would fill them up. 谢丽尔解释说，很多她的孩子，在周末没办法吃到饭，周六没有东西吃，周日也没有。所以她煮意大利面，因为她想保证煮一些孩子一定会吃的东西。一些有足够营养的东西，她说，一些能够填饱他们的东西。
Cheryl talked about how, by the time Monday came, her kids' hunger pangs were so intense that they couldn't even begin to think about learning. Food was the only thing on their mind. The only thing. And unfortunately, the stats — they tell the same story.谢丽尔还提到，周一来临的时候，她的孩子都感到非常饥饿，以至于无法专心学习。孩子们满脑子都只有食物，只想吃东西。不幸的是，数据也验证了这一点。
So, let's put this into the context of a child.And we're going to focus on the most important meal of the day, breakfast. Meet Allison. She's 12 years old, she's smart as a whip and she wants to be a physicist when she grows up. If Allison goes to a school that serves a nutritious breakfast to all of their kids, here's what's going to follow. 让我们举一个孩子的例子，我们会着重关注一天中最重要的一餐，早餐。这是艾莉森，她12岁，非常聪明，而且她长大想成为一个物理学家。如果艾莉森去一个向所有学生提供营养丰富的免费早餐的学校，接下来会这样。
Her chances of getting a nutritious meal, one with fruit and milk, one lower in sugar and salt, dramatically increase.Allison will have a lower rate of obesity than the average kid. She'll have to visit the nurse less. She'll have lower levels of anxiety and depression. She'll have better behavior. 她能够得到一顿营养餐，一顿有水果和牛奶，低糖低盐的饭菜的机会会大幅增加。艾莉森患有肥胖的几率会低于平均值。她不需要经常去看医生。不容易焦虑，或者沮丧。她会有更好的表现。
She'll have better attendance, and she'll show up on time more often. Why? Well, because there's a good meal waiting for her at school. Overall, Allison is in much better health than the average school kid.她会有更好的出席率，更经常准时上课。为什么？因为有一顿好的早餐在学校等着她。总而言之，艾莉森的健康状况要好于平均水平。
So what about that kid who doesn't have a nutritious breakfast waiting for him? Well, meet Tommy.He's also 12. He's a wonderful kid. He wants to be a doctor. By the time Tommy is in kindergarten, he's already underperforming in math. By the time he's in third grade, he's got lower math and reading scores. 那么那个没有营养早餐等着他的孩子会怎么样？来看看汤米。他也是12岁，一个很棒的孩子。他想成为一个医生。汤米上幼儿园的时候，数学已经成了他的弱项。在三年级的时候，他在数学和阅读上成绩更低了。
By the time he's 11, it's more likely that Tommy will have to have repeated a grade. Research shows that kids who do not have consistent nourishment, particularly at breakfast, have poor cognitive function overall.到他11岁的时候，汤米很有可能会复读一年。研究显示，没有持续摄取到营养的孩子，特别是早餐，学习能力都有所欠缺。
So how widespread is this problem? Well, unfortunately, it's pervasive. Let me give you two stats that seem like they're on opposite ends of the issue, but are actually two sides of the same coin. On the one hand, one in six Americans are food insecure, including 16 million children — almost 20 percent — are food insecure. 那么这个问题有多广泛呢？不幸的是，它到处存在。让我给你们两个数据，看起来它们和问题表现的相反，但是其实是一个硬币的两面。一方面，六分之一的美国人的食物没有保障，包括一千六百万孩子，几乎占到20%，食物没有保障。
In this city alone, in New York City, 474,000 kids under the age of 18 face hunger every year. It's crazy. On the other hand, diet and nutrition is the number one cause of preventable death and disease in this country, by far. 在这个城市，纽约城，每年有四十七万未成年人食不果腹。难以置信。另一方面，饮食和营养是可预防死亡和疾病的首要原因，至少在这个国家是这样。
And fully a third of the kids that we've been talking about tonight are on track to have diabetes in their lifetime. Now, what's hard to put together but is true is that, many times, these are the same children. 我们今天讨论的孩子中有三分之一，都迟早会患上糖尿病。我知道很难把这些联系起来，但是很多情况下，这都是同一群孩子。
So they fill up on the unhealthy and cheap calories that surround them in their communities and that their families can afford. But then by the end of the month, food stamps run out or hours get cut at work, and they don't have the money to cover the basic cost of food.他们生活的社区里充斥着粗制滥造的廉价食物，价格仅限在他们的家庭能承受的范围之内。但是在每个月末，食物补贴券用尽，或者工作时间被迫减少，他们就没有足够钱来支付基本的食物了。
But we should be able to solve this problem, right? We know what the answers are. As part of my work at the White House, we instituted a program that for all schools that had 40 percent more low-income kids, we could serve breakfast and lunch to every kid in that school. For free.但是我们应该 有能力解决这个问题，对吗？我们知道答案是什么。作为我在白宫工作的一部分，我们开始了一个项目，给所有低收入孩子占人数40%的学校中的每个孩子提供早餐和午餐。免费。
This program has been incredibly successful, because it helped us overcome a very difficult barrierwhen it came to getting kids a nutritious breakfast. And that was the barrier of stigma. See, schools serve breakfast before school, and it was only available for the poor kids. So everybody knew who was poor and who needed government help. 这个项目非常成功，因为它帮助我们扫除了一个巨大的障碍，帮助孩子们获得一顿营养的早餐，然而这就是克服障碍的突破点。学校会通常在上课前提供早餐，但通常只提供给贫困的孩子。所以每个人都知道谁家贫困，谁需要政府的帮助。
Now, all kids, no matter how much or how little their parents make, have a lot of pride. So what happened? Well, the schools that have implemented this programsaw an increase in math and reading scores by 17.5 percent. 17.5 percent. 然而，所有的孩子，无论家庭收入的多少，都有很强的自尊心。那么后来怎么样了呢？实施我们这个项目的学校数学和阅读分数提高了17.5%。17.5%。
And research shows that when kids have a consistent, nutritious breakfast, their chances of graduating increase by 20 percent.20 percent. When we give our kids the nourishment they need, we give them the chance to thrive, both in the classroom and beyond.研究表明，当孩子们有了持续的营养早餐，他们的毕业率就会提高20%。20%。当我们给孩子们需要的营养，我们就给了他们成功的机会，不论在校内还是校外。
Now, you don't have to trust me on this, but you should talk to Donna Martin. I love Donna Martin.Donna Martin is the school nutrition director at Burke County in Waynesboro, Georgia. Burke County is one of the poorest districts in the fifth-poorest state in the country, and about 100 percent of Donna's students live at or below the poverty line. 你可能并不相信我，但是你应该和唐纳·马丁谈谈。我爱唐纳·马丁这个人。唐纳·马丁斯是佐治亚州，伯克郡韦恩斯伯勒的学校营养负责人。伯克郡是美国15个最穷的州中最穷的郡之一， 唐纳所有学生的家庭都处在贫困线或以下。
A few years ago, Donna decided to get out ahead of the new standards that were coming, and overhaul her nutrition standards. She improved and added fruit and vegetables and whole grains. She served breakfast in the classroom to all of her kids. And she implemented a dinner program. Why? Well, many of her kids didn't have dinner when they went home.几年前，唐纳决定提前实施即将开始的规定，全面修改她的营养标准。她提高了蔬果和全麦的供应量和质量，给教室里所有孩子提供免费早餐。她还开始实施晚餐项目，为什么呢？因为她的很多孩子回到家都没有晚餐。
So how did they respond? Well, the kids loved the food. They loved the better nutrition, and they loved not being hungry. But Donna's biggest supporter came from an unexpected place. His name from Eric Parker, and he was the head football coach for the Burke County Bears. 那么这些孩子对此有什么反应呢？事实表明，孩子们喜欢这些食物，他们喜欢更好的营养，也喜欢不再饥肠辘辘的感觉。但是对唐纳最大的支持来自一个意想不到的人，他的名字是埃里克·派克，他是伯克郡灰熊的橄榄球教练。
Now, Coach Parker had coached mediocre teams for years. The Bears often ended in the middle of the pack — a big disappointment in one of the most passionate football states in the Union. But the year Donna changed the menus, the Bears not only won their division, they went on to win the state championship, beating the Peach County Trojans 28-14.派克教练教导普通球队很多年了，灰熊队经常在赛季中间被淘汰——作为联盟里对橄榄球最有热情的州之一，这结果太让人失望了。但是唐纳改变菜单的那年，灰熊队不仅赢得了他们的分区，还赢得了州冠军，打败了桃子郡特洛伊。28比14。
And Coach Parker, he credited that championship to Donna Martin.不过教练派克把那个冠军颁给了唐纳·马丁。
When we give our kids the basic nourishment, they're going to thrive. And it's not just up to the Cheryl Barbaras and the Donna Martins of the world. It's on all of us. And feeding our kids the basic nutrition is just the starting point. What I've laid out is really a model for so many of the most pressing issues that we face. 当我们给了孩子基本的营养，他们就会茁壮成长。而且这不仅是谢丽尔·巴巴拉和唐纳·马丁的责任，这是我们所有人的责任。给我们的孩子提供基本的营养还只是开始。我阐述的真的只是一个模型，一个关于我们面对的诸多问题的模型。
If we focus on the simple goal of properly nourishing ourselves, we could see a world that is more stable and secure; we could dramatically improve our economic productivity; we could transform our health care and we could go a long way in ensuring that the Earth can provide for generations to come. Food is that place where our collective efforts can have the greatest impact.如果我们注重于像给自己足够的营养这样简单的目标，我们就能够见证一个更稳定安全的世界；我们能够大程度提高我们的经济效率，我们能够改变我们的医疗保健，我们还能够继续保证地球上世代的可持续发展。食物是我们一起努力就能够产生巨大影响的一件事。
So we have to ask ourselves: What is the right question? What would happen if we fed ourselves more nutritious, more sustainably grown food? What would be the impact? Cheryl Barbara, Donna Martin,Coach Parker and the Burke County Bears — I think they know the answer.所以我们要自问：“正确的问题是什么？” 如果我们给自己更多营养，更可持续生长的食物，会发生什么？这会产生何等的影响？谢丽尔·巴巴拉，唐纳·马丁，教练派克和伯克郡灰熊——我觉得他们知道答案。
Thank you guys so very much.非常感谢你们。
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