【双语】你所不知的故事：印度抗疫面面观 | Stories Unheard:Fighting COVID-19 in India | 自由微信

【双语】你所不知的故事：印度抗疫面面观 | Stories Unheard:Fighting COVID-19 in India

Original Vishnu Karuthodi 中传人类命运共同体研究院 2020-09-02

（印度墙面涂鸦：“健康警告新冠病毒”；图片来源：https://images.news18.com/ibnlive/uploads/2020/03/39485f10-6d10-11ea-bef2-68eed23eb341.jpg）

Days are long and time is passive. While having another round of ‘Chai’ (tea) in the morning, I was asked to go and fetch the 15 kilograms of subsidized rice sanctioned by the state government of Kerala, dispersed through public distribution system. Apart from a grocery and medical shop, everything else remained closed on the street. The hustle and bustles were gone, so were the noisy vehicles on the roads. Few people were already standing in a queue in front of the ‘ration shop’ adhering to the norms of social distancing, these shops come under the essential services and were asked to remain open throughout the week. While filling the bag with rice, the shopkeeper told us that there would be a distribution of five kg rice and pulses as announced by the central government in the coming week.

People are reluctantly getting used to their newfound way of life. India fights Covid-19. The battle has begun and the future seems unpredictable...

日子悠长,时光无奈。清晨饮茶时,我被叫去领取经喀拉拉邦政府批准、由公共分配系统发放的15公斤补贴大米。大街上,除杂货铺和医药店外，其他场所仍旧无一开放。往日的喧嚣不再,路上嘈杂的车辆也消失不见。寥寥数人已经在“粮食配给店”前依照保持社交距离的规定排起了队。这类店铺由于提供给必需服务，被要求维持每天营业。店主一边往袋子里装大米，一边告诉我们中央政府已宣布将于下周分发5公斤大米和豆类。人们不情愿地适应着新的生活方式。印度同新型冠状病毒的战斗已然拉开了序幕,未来似乎无法预测......

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输入病例与国际援助

The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported on the 30th of January 2020. A student of Wuhan University who had travelled to India, was tested positive in Kerala, a south-western coastal state. In a couple of days three more students who came back from Wuhan tested positive for the coronavirus. The cases started escalating in the month of March, most of these cases were reportedly linked to the foreign returnees. On 12th March, India’s first COVID-19 death was reported in Karnataka, another southern state. The victim was a 76-year old man who had returned from Saudi Arabia.

印度于2020年1月30日报道了首例新冠病毒感染病例：武汉大学的一名学生前往印度期间，在印度西南沿海的喀拉拉邦被检测呈阳性。几天后，又有三名从武汉回来的学生在新冠病毒检测结果中呈阳性。此类情况从三月开始加剧，据报告，其中绝大部份案例均与海外返回者有关。3月12日，同样位于印度西南地区的卡纳塔克邦曝出首例新冠病毒死亡案例，该受害人是一名从沙特阿拉伯返回的76岁男子。

Fear was looming in the air for long, while China went ahead with stringent measures of locking down several provinces, India decided to bring its citizens back home. On February 1st India evacuated 324 people from the Wuhan region which included both students and working professionals. On February 2nd a second Air India flight landed in Delhi carrying 323 Indians and seven Maldivians from China, on a third evacuation mission on 27th February, the Indian Air Force brought 76 Indian and 36 foreign nationals back to the country. During this mission India provided China with 15 tonnes of medical assistance including masks, gloves and other emergency medical equipment[1]. More evacuations were conducted from the various virus-stricken countries including Italy and Iran in the consequent days.

恐惧压抑着空气。在中国采取严格的封省措施的同时，印度决定将其在华公民接回国。2月1日，印度从武汉地区撤离了包括学生和专业人士在内的324人。2月2日，印度航空第二次撤侨航班降落德里，该航班运载了从中国返回的323名印度人和7名马尔代夫人。2月27日，印度空军执行了第三次撤离任务，将76名印度人和36名外国人带回印度。在这项任务的执行期间，印度向中国提供了15吨的医疗援助，其中包括口罩、手套和其他紧急医疗设备。随后，印度从包括意大利和伊朗在内的那些遭受病毒侵袭的国家撤离了更多人。

（印度航空从武汉撤侨；图片来源：https://indusdictum.com/2020/02/24/coronavirus-wuhan-india-flight-with-covid-19-evacuees-delayed-by-china-will-depart-feb-26/）

预防是应对危机的最佳选择

With the global spread of novel coronavirus and increasing cases in India, the Central government, subsequently took a number of proactive measures such as travel restrictions, screening of passengers, suspension of visas and self-quarantine measures to effectively contain, prevent and manage the spread of this coronavirus. On 19th March the government announced suspension of all incoming International flights which was later extended till 14th April 2020.

随着新型冠状病毒的全球传播以及印度病例的增加，印度中央政府随后采取了许多积极措施以有效遏制、防止和应对新冠病毒的传播，例如旅行限制、旅客筛查、签证停办和自我隔离。3月19日，政府宣布暂停所有来往印度的国际航班。这一规定在之后被延期至2020年4月14日。

As more cases started appearing, many states (provinces) started taking this problem with serious consideration and adopted methods to tackle it within their own capacity. These measures were taking place in different parts of the country in a scattered manner. On March 22nd, 2020, India observed a “Janata (people’s) curfew” declared by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister urged people to stay indoors from 7 am to 9 pm which was considered as a ‘litmus test’ of the nation’s ability to conduct a comprehensive lockdown[2]. “This is the start of a long fight” Modi tweeted as the curfew came to an end and people came out of their home to clap, bang metal vessels and ring bells to cheer up the spirit of medical workers fighting against the spread of coronavirus[3]. This incident helped to gather a nationwide momentum to the various efforts happening in different parts of the country, people started to realise that what was considered as a foreign problem so far, has now reached their own door steps. Further on 24th March, the prime minister ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, starting on 25th March to 13th April, affecting the 1.3 billion population of India. It was the biggest and most severe action undertaken anywhere to stop the spread of coronavirus[4].

随着越来越多的感染案例出现，许多邦(省)开始认真考虑这一问题，并采取了力所能及的解决之道。这些应对措施是在印度不同地区分散进行的。2020年3月22日，印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi)宣布实行“大众宵禁”，敦促人们在早7点至晚9点这一时间段待在室内。该举措被视为检验印度是否具备全面封锁能力的“试金石”。“这是一场漫长斗争的开始”，莫迪在宵禁结束时发表推文说。人们从家中走出，以鼓掌、鸣金、摇铃的方式振奋抗击新冠病毒医护人员的精神。这有助于将在各地的不同力量聚集起来，形成了一股举国势头。人们开始意识到，那些曾被视为发生在其他国家的问题已悄然走进自家国门。3月24日，总理进一步下达为期21天的全国封锁令。该封锁令于3月25日至4月13日之间实施，影响了印度13亿人口。这是目前为遏制新冠病毒传播采取的最大规模、最严厉的行动。

（莫迪在三月中旬就新冠肺炎发表电视讲话；图片来源：https://www.vox.com/2020/3/24/21190868/coronavirus-india-modi-lockdown-kashmir）

（“印度门由于新冠病毒被关闭”；图片来源：https://www.pri.org/programs/world/whats-next-after-indias-coronavirus-lockdown）

(全国封锁期间提醒人们“待在家中”的地面涂鸦；图片来源：https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid-19-india-lower-death-rates-defy-trend-12673876)

“There will be a total ban of coming out your homes” the Prime Minister announced on television. “If you can’t handle these 21 days, this country and your family will go back 21 years”, Mr. Modi said[5]. Though India’s number of reported coronavirus cases was below 500 at the time of announcement, it was anticipated that if the pandemic hit India in a severe way, the consequences would be bigger than anywhere else in the world. With limited resources and vast population, prevention was the best option India had, to tackle the crisis.

莫迪总理通过电视宣布：“将全面禁止人们走出家门”。他表示：“如果大家不能成功应对这21天，这个国家和你们的家庭[生活]将会倒退21年”。尽管印度感染新冠病毒的病例数在总理宣布全面封锁令时不到500，但经预测，如若这一流行病重创印度，其后果将严重于世界上任何一个地方。由于资源有限加之人口众多，预防是印度应对此次危机的最佳选择。

（图片来源：https://www.twoeggz.com/info/436019.html）

(阿姆利则市警察逮捕当地疫情禁令违反者；图片来源：https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/17/fake-news-real-arrests/)

Considering many other foreign nations, India took steps to resist COVID-19 in a much earlier stage. The quick and early attempt to lock down the nation in order to prevent the spread of virus was received with much appreciation from the WHO and other experts[6].

和许多其他国家相比，印度在更早的阶段采取了抵抗新冠病毒的行动。世界卫生组织和其他专家对其为遏制病毒传播而迅速实行的锁国措施表示赞赏。

疫情下变奏的生活与挑战

The announcement however came on a short notice and did not grant much time to prepare for the days to come. Everyday life, business, offices, temples, schools, transportation and airspace came to a standstill in just a matter of few hours. The following days saw a haste of migrant workers rushing from big cities to their rural households. A lack of clear risk communication from the top leadership and ambiguous directions across the system created much chaos[7]. Administrative machineries struggled to cope with the sudden and unprecedented challenges which resulted in creating tension and confusion in many parts of the country.

然而，由于该通告发布得突然，人们无法投入更多的时间为即将到来的日子做好准备。日常生活、商业活动、办公地点、寺庙、学校、交通运输和空域在短短几个小时内就被停滞或关闭了。紧随其后的是大量的农民工从城市返乡。高层领导缺乏清晰的风险沟通，整个系统缺乏明确的方向，行政机构挣扎着应对这些突如其来、前所未有的挑战。这些已在多地造成了紧张和混乱。

（图片来源：https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2020/03/21/privacy-fears-as-india-hand-stamps-tracks-suspected-covid-19-cases）

（图片来源：https://jacobinmag.com/2020/04/india-modi-political-prisoners-coronavirus-crisis）

（疫情封锁令导致大批人口迁徙；图片来源：https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52086274）

India has some of the most densely populated cities in the world and the social structure of joint families is also prone to the spread of virus. For a country of India’s magnitude and complexities, prevention seems the best cure, though India also has some built in advantages such as the median age of the population being around 28, compared Italy’s 45 [8].

印度拥有全球一些人口最为稠密的城市，数代同堂的社会家庭结构特别容易造成病毒的人际传播。对于印度这样如此庞大而情况复杂的国家，预防似乎是最好的应对手段，尽管印度也有一些固有优势，比如人口的中位数年龄为28岁，而意大利则为45岁。

Social distancing became the mantra of the lockdown as people were asked to stay inside their houses. This came with a price. For the majority of Indians social distancing is a luxury they can’t afford, life became difficult for many in the absence of daily wages which was disrupted when the world’s seventh largest economy came to a halt. India’s unorganised, informal industry which employs about 424 million labourers, some 90% of the total workforce[9], a population greater than the combined size of U.S., the U.K., and Australia. For instance, Mumbai’s famous dabbawalas (lunch box carriers), have worked all day for the past 130 years, delivering home-cooked lunches to people’s workplaces and schools, they have braved heavy floods and terrorist attacks, but their service was halted due to coronavirus forcing some 5000 delivery men to stay at home[10].

人们被要求待在家中，保持社交距离成为了禁闭下的准则。但这不是没有代价的。对于大多数印度人来说，保持社交距离是一种他们负担不起的奢侈生活。在世界第七大经济体陷入停顿、日常工资中断的境况下，他们的生活变得艰难起来。印度无组织、非正式的行业雇佣了约4.24亿工人，约占其总劳动力的90%，超过了美国、英国和澳大利亚人口的总和。例如，孟买有名的dabbawalas(午餐快递公司)在过去的130年中不间断地工作，为工作场所和学校提供家常午餐。他们曾勇敢地面对洪灾和恐怖袭击，但由于新冠病毒迫使约5000名送货员待在家里，他们的服务被暂停。

（印度阿拉哈巴德居民在当地药店外遵照社交距离规定进行排队；图片来源：https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-march-25）

Businesses have closed, unemployment has risen and productivity fallen. With 75% economy under lockdown, analysts see sharp fall in India’s GDP[11]. Barclays predicted that the total shutdown would cost India around $120bn, or 4% of the country’s GDP[12]. This will further depend on how well India can tackle the pandemic as well as the performance of the global markets.

企业关闭，失业率上升，生产力下降。由于75%的经济处于封锁状态，分析人士预计印度的国民生产总值将大幅下降。巴克莱银行预测，全面停产将使印度损失约1200亿美元，占该国GDP的4%。经济损失程度将进一步取决于印度在应对新冠病毒方面的成果以及全球市场的表现。

（印度金奈一名摊卖椰子的男子将三轮车停在一处寓意新冠病毒的涂鸦上；图片来源：https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southasia/india-pakistan-plan-to-restart-some-economic-activity-during-coronavirus-lockdown-idUSKCN21V0KM）

政府免费补贴与各邦自救表现

On 26th March 2020, finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a $22bn package relief for the ailing nation. As a part of this package about 800 million people would get free cereals and cooking gas apart from cash through direct transfers for three months. A medical insurance for health workers up to $66,500 was also announced as part of the package[13].

2020年3月26日，财政部长尼马拉•西塔拉曼(Nirmala Sitharaman)宣布了一项价值220亿美元的救助计划。作为该救助项目的一部分，约8亿人将在三个月内获得免费的谷物和燃气，并通过直接汇款的方式收取现金补助。此外，该项目还宣布为卫生工作者提供高达6.65万美元的医疗保险。

（图片来源：https://time.com/5815264/coronavirus-india-islamophobia-coronajihad/）

Apart from the assistance from Central government, each states and union territories has also come up with their own relief packages and interventions to mitigate the distress of people[14]. India is a Union of states, federal in structure, unitary in spirit. This union comprises of 28 states and eight union territories (governed directly by the Centre), for a total of 36 entities. The states are created initially on the basis of languages and are different from each other in many aspects. The powers of the state and centre are clearly defined under the constitution. With central government at the helm, state governments function within their demarcated limits. When it comes to an epidemic of this magnitude, the size and diversity of India creates hindrances in the effective implementation of available resources and expertise. Having a federal form of governance system, Centre and States has their own distinct roles and responsibilities. Public health and Law and order come under the purview of the states, and this gives them more power to systematically devise and implement programs.

除了来自中央政府的救助外，各邦和联邦属地也提出了各自的救济计划和干预措施。印度是一个邦联盟国家，在结构上是联邦的，在精神上是统一的。该联盟由28个邦和8个联邦属地(由中央政府直接管理)组成，共有36个[政治]实体。各邦最初是建立在共同语言基础上的，邦与邦之间在许多方面存在差异。各邦和中央的权力在宪法中有明确的规定。在中央政府的领导下，邦政府在其划定的范围内行使职能。当出现大规模的流行病时，印度的国土之大、之多元便阻碍了对现有资源和专业知识的有效利用。在联邦式的治理体系下，中央和各邦拥有自己独特的角色和责任。公共卫生和法律秩序在各邦的职权范围内，这赋予了它们更大的权力来系统地设计和实施各种项目。

（印度地图；图片来源：https://zh.wikivoyage.org/zh/File:Map_of_India_(zh-hans)- %E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png）

A country which is so diverse in language, ethnicity, culture and geography, states spearhead the decentralised initiatives which involves not just medical expertise but community mobilisation also. Efficiency of this local governments depend on a number of factors such as health policy, infrastructure, fund allocation, availability of work force, coordination with different departments and proper leadership and guidance. For instance, the state of Kerala ruled by a communist government has taken immediate and effective measures to curb the outbreak. It received much appreciation from home and abroad as a model worth to emulate [15].

作为一个在语言、民族、文化和地理上如此多样化的国家，印度各邦分别带头采取了抗疫行动。这些行动不仅涉及专业医疗知识，还包括社区动员。地方政府的工作效率取决于卫生政策、基础设施、资金分配、可用劳动力、部门间协调和领导力等诸多因素。例如，由共产党政府领导的喀拉拉邦已经采取了迅速、有效的抗疫措施。作为值得效仿的典范，该邦受到了国内外的广泛赞誉。

非政府组织及中国援助

Apart from the governmental administrative machineries, non-governmental actors also have a major role in times like this. With their community level influence and grassroot functioning, these non-governmental and civil society organisations play a major role in the society. Central government has requested them to help local administrations to mitigate the distress of vulnerable and needy groups by identifying hotspots, deputing volunteers and delivering services to the struggling people. It is reported that in 13 states, NGOs fed more people than government did during the lockdown period[16].

除政府行政机构外，非政府组织在这种时候也起到了重要作用。借助其社区影响力与基层功能，这些非政府组织和公民社会组织在社会中扮演着重要角色。在中央政府的请求下，它们通过确定疫情重灾区、委托志愿者及为灾民提供服务等形式来帮助地方政府减轻弱势群体和贫困群体面临的困苦。据报道，在13个邦内，非政府组织在封锁期间为百姓提供的食物比政府提供的还要多。

（印度总理莫迪在推特上强调印度各社会组织在抗击疫情中起到的重要作用）

In order to safeguard the global public health, International communities also lent a hand to support India’s efforts. China has rose according to the occasion and agreed upon sharing experience, providing assistance and open its channels for procurement to its neighbour[17]. As a token of support, China donated 170,000 personal protection equipment kits to India to fight the COVID-19 menace[18].

为保障全球公共卫生，国际社会也向印度伸出援手。中国根据当前形势挺身而出，愿意与邻国分享经验，提供援助，并开放采购渠道。为表支持，中国向印度捐赠了17万套个人防护装备，用于应对新冠肺炎的威胁。

疫情下急升的网络需求

Multifaceted, this pandemic asserts a wide-ranging impact on all aspects of life.

从各个层面上讲，这场流行病对生活的各个方面造成了广泛冲击。

Decreased mobility made people turn more to the internet. With a 40% overall internet penetration and 566 million monthly active users, India is second to China in terms of internet users[19]. Of the total user base, nearly 293 million active internet users reside in urban India, while 200 million users in rural India[20].

人员流动性的降低使得人们更多地转向互联网。印度的互联网普及率为40%，月活跃用户达5.66亿，在互联网的用户数量上仅次于中国。在印度的全部互联网用户中，近2.93亿的活跃用户居住在城市，2亿用户居则住在农村。

(图片来源：https://www.deccanherald.com/national/covid-19-indian-internet-infra-not-prepared-for-shift-to-online-teaching-learning-says-qs-report-828045.html)

Indian mobile users have been enjoying the cheapest mobile data tariff in the world for years. While it costs $0.26 per 1 GB 4G data in India, the global average is $8.53 per GB[21]. After the nation underwent the lockdown mobile data consumption increased by 30%[22]. Data consumption in certain networks jumped nearly 100% in rural areas during the lock down[23].

印度移动用户多年来一直享受着世界上最便宜的移动数据资费。在印度，1GB的4G流量价格0.26美元，而其全球平均资费则高达8.53美元。在国家封锁期间，移动数据消费量增长了30%，在某些偏远地区甚至增长了近100%。

Confined to their homes, people tend to spend more time online and this has resulted in technical glitches caused due to heavy data traffic. On March 25, all video streaming services, jointly decided to offer only SD quality content on cellular networks, they also decided to lower the bitrates to 480p to lower the stress on telecom networks throughout the 21-day lockdown[24]. The Indian Broadcasting Foundation, which promotes television Industry came up with offering fee waiver for four pay channels for two months. As the screen time high rockets, so does the demand for novel ways of entertainment. TikTok, the video sharing platform from China’s ByteDance, currently having a userbase over 200 million, became the most downloaded app among social media applications surpassing WhatsApp and Facebook[25].

宅在家中，人们往往会花更多时间上网，巨大的数据流量于是带来了技术故障。3月25日，所有视频流媒体服务商共同决定在蜂窝网络状态下只提供SD品质的内容，同时将比特率降低至480p，以减轻电信网络在21天封锁期内所面临的压力。旨在推动电视产业发展的印度广播基金会宣布，为四个付费频道提供为期两个月的费用减免。随着人们更多地聚集在手机屏幕前，他们对新奇娱乐方式的需求亦在增加。来自中国字节跳动的视频共享平台抖音目前拥有超过2亿的用户基础，超越WhatsApp和Facebook，成为了下载量最大的社交媒体应用程序。

（人们在疫情期间大量借助抖音平台开展娱乐活动，这使其在管控谣言传播方面责任重大；图片来源：https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahaswell/2020/04/29/is-tiktok-escaping-scrutiny-about-how-its-handling-coronovirus-misinformation/#1d5687181c6d）

媒介生态下的谣言传播与治理

India has a thriving media scene with a growing multilingual media industry. Around 197 million households possess a TV set. Of the nearly 900 private TV stations around half of them devoted to news coverage. Doordarshan, the Public TV, reaches hundreds of millions of viewers in different channels. AIR (ALL India Radio) a state-owned radio channel reaches 99% of the population. There are around 17,000 newspaper titles with a cumulative circulation of more than 400 million[26].

随着多语言媒体产业的崛起，印度传媒产业发展蓬勃。在印度，约1.97亿户家庭拥有电视机。在近900家私营电视台中，约有一半专门从事新闻报道。公共电视台Doodarshan下的各个频道总计拥有数亿观看用户。国有广播频道AIR(全印度电台)覆盖了印度99%的人口。此外还有约17000种报纸，其累计发行量超过4亿份。

A quick escalation in the media consumption came up with opportunities, challenges as well as responsibilities. Apart from providing accurate information on the spread of virus and government instructions, media also took initiatives to help people make their quarantined stay healthy, productive and educated.

媒体消费的快速升级带来了机遇、挑战和责任。除了提供与病毒传播相关的准确信息和政府指令外，媒体还积极地帮助人们在隔离期间保持健康、活跃，并接受教育。

（印度居民在家中观看总理莫迪就新冠疫情发表的电视讲话；图片来源：https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/india-coronavirus-modi-mumbai-new-cases-curfew-quarantine-self-isolation-a9414526.html）

The COVID-19 outbreak unlocked the ‘infodemic’ of misinformation. Information from the myriad sources started to spread even faster than the virus. Though the traditional media had some mechanisms to verify the credibility and sources, Cyberspace emerged as the fertile soil for spreading false and misleading information. Under the disguise of legitimate information, xenophobia and racism often appeared in internet with far reaching implications in the social life. Contrary to the evidences, a viral rumour spread online that people who eat meat were affected by coronavirus, causing “#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus” to trend on twitter[27]. Magical remedies and ancient wisdoms appeared on the web of information lacking credibility and evading inspection[28].

新冠病毒的爆发开启了虚假信息的“流感式”传播。各类信息甚至比病毒传播得还要迅猛。传统媒体虽然有一定的信源核实机制，网络空间却成为传播虚假、误导性信息的沃土。在信息合理性的伪装下，网络中经常出现仇外情绪和种族主义，为社会生活带来深远影响。网上流传着一个关于食肉者感染新冠病毒的谣言，与事实不符，却导致“#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus”(“不吃肉就不会感染新冠病毒”) 在推特上成为热搜。在那些缺乏信息可信度、监管较差的网站上，开始出现各种与魔法疗法和古老知识相关的内容。

(疫情下的谣言传播；图片来源：https://www.consumerreports.org/social-media/facebook-approved-ads-with-coronavirus-misinformation/)

Cases of harassment of people from Northeast India which shares border with Myanmar and China were reported in some parts of the country[29]. Instead of fighting against the common enemy, some sources resorted to malpractices and bigotry under the disguise of news and information. With nearly a third of cases linked to its New Delhi gathering, a Muslim missionary movement came under intense scrutiny[30]. Subsequently a twitter hashtag of #CoronaJihad trended on twitter. Some TV channels also joined the bandwagon to make the pandemic a communally sensitive issue.

据国内一些地区报道，同缅甸和中国接壤的印度东北部发生了若干起骚扰事件。一些媒体人在新闻资讯的掩饰下玩忽职守、偏执盲从，而没有投入到与[病毒这一]共同敌人的作战当中来。由于近三分之一的事件报道与新德里集会有关，穆斯林传教运动受到了密切关注。紧接着，“#CoronaJihad”（“新冠圣战”）这一话题标签现身推特热搜。一些电视频道也加入了这一潮流，把全球流行病变成了一个公共敏感问题。

In an age of information warfare, rumours and misinformation are lethal weapons to destroy the unity and create chaos among the people. The Law enforcing agencies hold the power to register cases and take actions against the violators. Police has made a number of arrests and registered cases from different parts of the country for spreading rumours and fake news through social media and instant messaging platforms[31]. Indian government wrote to the social media companies including Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, ShareChat and Twitter to control the spread of misinformation on COVID-19. These platforms were asked to promote authentic content, produce awareness campaigns and remove misinformation from their platforms[32].

在信息战时代，谣言和误传是破坏团结、制造混乱的致命武器。执法机关有权登记违法案件并对违法者采取制裁行动。警方已经在全国各地登记逮捕了一些通过社交媒体和即时通讯平台传播谣言和虚假新闻的人。为控制同新冠病毒相关的虚假传播，印度政府致函了包括Facebook、YouTube、抖音、ShareChat和Twitter在内的社交媒体公司。它们被要求推广真实信息，开展宣传活动，并删除其平台上的虚假消息。

（抗击新冠疫情期间的“信息流感”；图片来源：https://thefederal.com/videos/battling-the-infodemic-amid-covid-19/）

坚韧的民众期待未来

India is still under lockdown and the future seems uncertain. New cases are being reported on a daily basis. While some provinces could control the things better, the cases are growing exponentially in other parts. Experts are busy making decisions and administrative systems are working like a machine to contain the issue with less damage. Indians have always showed resilience at the time of emergency and the unity in all its diversity equips the people to face challenges with much vigour. The threat hangs over the whole humanity, it is our duty to rose to the occasion for the betterment of a shared future. It requires keeping away our prejudices and enmity to focus on cooperation and benevolence. Solution lies in harmony. In a world, where everything is interdependent, humanity should come forward to help and support each other to build a better tomorrow.

印度仍旧处于封锁状态，未来似乎充满不确定性。每天都有新增病例的报告。虽然一些省份能够相对更好地控制疫情，其他地区的病例正在呈指数性增长。专家们忙于决策，行政系统为降低控制疫情的成本像一台机器一样工作着。在危急时刻，印度人民总能表现出一股韧劲，人们以各种方式彼此团结一致，这使得他们在面对挑战时能够充满活力。病毒威胁笼罩着整个人类，我们有责任挺身而出，为改善我们的共同未来而努力。这需要我们远离偏见和敌意，专注于合作与仁善。解决问题之道在于和睦融洽。在一个万物相互依存的世界中，人类应该相互帮助、相互支持，共创美好明天。

******************

作者：Vishnu Karuthodi

(Doctoral Student, Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China; 中国传媒大学传播研究院印度籍在读博士留学生)

编译：杨以轩

Endnotes | 尾注：

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[5] Gettleman, J., & Schultz, K. (2020, March 24). Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians. The New York Times. Retrieved from

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[18] Chaudhuri, D. (2020, March 24). China extends support to India to fight Covid-19 . THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/china-extends-support-to-india-to-fight-covid-19/articleshow/74799620.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[19] Internet users in India to reach 627 million in 2019: Report. (2019, March 6). THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/internet-users-in-india-to-reach-627-million-in-2019-report/articleshow/68288868.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[20] Mandavya, M. (2019, September 26). India has second highest number of Internet users after China: Report. THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/india-has-second-highest-number-of-internet-users-after-china-report/articleshow/71311705.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[21] India has the cheapest mobile data in world: Study. (2019, March 6). THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/india-has-the-cheapest-mobile-data-in-world-study/articleshow/68285820.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[22] Mankotia, A. S. (2020, April 1). Mobile internet usage increases just 10% since lockdown. THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mobile-internet-usage-increases-just-10-since-lockdown/articleshow/74920799.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[23] Data consumption in rural India jumped nearly 100% during lockdown: CSC CEO. (2020, April 5). Business Standard. Retrieved from https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/data-consumption-in-rural-india-jumped-nearly-100-during-lockdown-csc-ceo-120040500737_1.html

[24] Laghate, G. (2020, March 25). Video streaming services like Netflix, Hotstar suspend HD streaming on cellular networks. THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/video-streaming-services-like-netflix-hotstar-suspend-hd-service-on-cellular-networks/articleshow/74807392.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

[25] Singh, S. (2020, April 7). How TikTok is giving Facebook a run for its money during India’s Coronavirus lockdown. FINANCIAL EXPRESS. Retrieved from

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[27] Mukunth, V. (2020, February 2). 'No Meat, No Coronavirus' Makes No Sense. THE WIRE. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20200303034133/http://thewire.in/health/meat-eating-2019-novel-coronavirus-wuhan-bats-proteins-cattle-climate-cow-vigilantism

[28] Coronavirus: Does drinking tea help? (2020, March 25). BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51910099

[29] Prabhakar, S. (2020, March 20). Covid-19: Northeast India Welfare Association complains of racial discrimination in Chennai. Times of India. Retrieved from

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[30] Bisht, A., & Naqvi, S. (2020, April 7). How Tablighi Jamaat event became India's worst coronavirus vector. ALJAZEERA. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/tablighi-jamaat-event-india-worst-coronavirus-vector-200407052957511.html

[31] UP: Man in police net for spreading WhatsApp rumour on coronavirus. (2020, April 4). INDIA TODAY. Retrieved from https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/up-man-police-net-spreading-whatsapp-rumour-coronavirus-1663175-2020-04-04

[32] Indian government asks social media firms to control Coronavirus fake news. (2020, March 20). THE ECONOMIC TIMES. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/indian-government-asks-social-media-firms-to-control-coronavirus-fake-news/articleshow/74734697.cms

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