【研究速递】2019JBV 创业与幸福感特刊
Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future
创业与幸福：过往，现在与未来
作者：
Johan Wiklunda, Boris Nikolaevb, Nadav Shirc, Maw-Der Food, Steve Bradleye
a Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, United States of America
b Hankamer Business School, Baylor University, United States of America
c Hanken School of Economics, Finland & Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden
d Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
e John F. Baugh Center for Entrepreneurship, Baylor University, United States of America
摘要：
创业研究通常强调企业层面的结果，如增长和绩效。然而，人们为了个人的、特殊的原因而追求创业。因此，与其他自组织的人类追求一样，创业如何与自我实现和幸福感联系起来至关重要。在本文中，我们概述了幸福感的概念、相关研究及其与创业的关系。我们将创业幸福感定义为与发展、开启、成长和经营创业企业相关的满足感、积极情感、低频率的负面影响和心理功能的体验。我们解释了创业者幸福感的定义，并回顾了该领域和更广泛的幸福感领域的重大进展。社会、技术和制度趋势的重点说明了未来研究的关键领域，可以加强我们对这些现象的理解。本期特刊中的八篇论文着重于创业幸福感，每篇论文都对学者如何理论化和研究与幸福相关的创业的前因和后果提供了具体的观点。
Entrepreneurship research typically emphasizes firm-level outcomes such as growth and performance. However, people pursue entrepreneurship for deeply personal, idiosyncratic reasons. Therefore, as in other self-organized human pursuits, how entrepreneurship relates to fulfillment and well-being is of utmost importance. In this paper, we provide an overview of the well-being concept, related research, and its connection to entrepreneurship. We define entrepreneurial well-being as the experience of satisfaction, positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and psychological functioning in relation to developing, starting, growing, and running an entrepreneurial venture. We explain this definition of entrepreneurial well-being and review significant developments in our field and the broader field of well-being. Highlights of social, technological and institutional trends illustrate key areas for future research that can enhance our understanding of these phenomena. The eight papers in this special issue focus on entrepreneurial well-being each offering a specific perspective on how scholars can theorize and study the antecedents and consequences of entrepreneurship related to well-being.
Well-being effects of self-employment: A spatial inquiry
自我雇佣的幸福感效应：空间研究
作者：
Maria Abreua,b, Ozge Onera,c,d, Aleid Brouwere,f, Eveline van Leeuweng
a University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, Cambridge, United Kingdom
b University of Cambridge, Pembroke College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
c Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden
d Centre for Entrepreneurship and Spatial Economics, Sweden
e University of Groningen, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
f NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Academy International Business Administration, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
g Urban Economics Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
摘要：
我们的论文使用来自英国的大规模纵向家庭调查，对创业者幸福感进行了实证分析。该调查在2009年至2017年期间，在7次调查中追踪了近50,000人，以及一些探索性案例研究。我们通过调查创业者幸福感如何在城乡连续统一体以及富裕贫困社区之间的差异来做出贡献。本文使用粗略精确匹配（CEM）方法来比较从有薪就业转向自雇佣的个人幸福感结果，并表明生活在半城市地区的人来说，相对于居住在城市和乡村地区的人口，其以工作满意度的形式测量的创业幸福感更高。半城市地区提供了商业便利性和生活质量的最佳组合。研究结果还表明，富裕社区中转向自雇佣的人比生活在物质贫困社区的其他同类人更高的工作满意度，虽然后者在转换后体验到更高的生活满意度。
Our paper presents an empirical analysis of entrepreneurial well-being using a large-scale longitudinal household survey from the UK that tracks almost 50,000 individuals across seven waves over the period 2009-2017, as well as a number of exploratory case studies. We contribute to the existing literature by investigating how entrepreneurial well-being varies across locations along the urban-rural continuum, and across wealthy-deprived neighbourhoods. We use a Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) approach to compare the well-being outcomes of individuals who switch into self-employment from waged employment, and show that entrepreneurial wellbeing, in the form of job satisfaction, is significantly higher for those living in semi-urban locations, relative to those living in urban and rural locations. We argue that semi-urban locations provide an optimal combination of ease of doing business and quality of life. Our results also show that individuals in wealthy neighbourhoods who switch into self-employment experience higher job satisfaction than otherwise comparable individuals living in materially deprived neighbourhoods, although the latter experience greater levels of life satisfaction following the switch.
Can prosocial motivation harm entrepreneurs' subjective well-being
亲社会动机能否损害创业者的主观幸福感
作者：
Ewald Kiblerd, Joakim Wincenta ,b,c, Teemu Kautonen ,d ,e, Gabriella Cacciotti ,f, Martin Obschonka ,g
a Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
b Hanken School of Economics, Finland
c University of St Gallen, Switzerland
d Aalto University School of Business, Finland
e Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
f University of Warwick, Business School, UK
g Queensland University of Technology, QUT Business School, Australia
摘要：
关于亲社会动机的创业研究已经概述了其对幸福感的积极影响，但对其赋能知之甚少，这在某些条件下可能会产生有害的个人后果。在这项研究中，我们询问亲社会动机在经营商业企业时是否会损害创业者的主观幸福感。在自我决策理论的基础上，我们建立了纵向调查数据，以解释亲社会动机对创业者整体生活满意度的影响。我们的分析表明，由于压力水平的提高，亲社会动机对企业家的生活满意度产生了负面影响。然而，我们的研究结果表明，相比低的自主权感知时，工作中的高的自主权感知使得亲社会动机的负面影响消失了。总的来说，我们的研究提出了关于亲社会动机对创业者主观幸福感的作用的问题，特别是在商业创业背景下讨论其潜在的“黑暗面”。
Entrepreneurship research on prosocial motivation has outlined its positive impact on well-being, but still little is known about its power, which may have deleterious personal consequences under certain conditions. In this study, we ask whether prosocial motivation can harm entrepreneurs' subjective well-being when they run a commercial venture. Embedded within a contingency perspective informed by self-determination theory, we build on longitudinal survey data to explain the effect of prosocial motivation on entrepreneurs' overall life satisfaction. Our analysis demonstrates that prosocial motivation has a negative effect on entrepreneurs' life satisfaction due to increased levels of stress. However, our findings show that the negative effect of prosocial motivation dissipates when perceived autonomy at work is high compared to when it is low. Overall, our research raises questions on the role of prosocial motivation for entrepreneurs' subjective well-being and, in particular, discusses its potential “dark side” in the context of commercial entrepreneurship.
Micro-entrepreneurship and subjective well-being: Evidence from rural Bangladesh
小额创业和主观幸福感：来自孟加拉国农村的证据
作者：
Muhammad Faress Bhuiyan,a, Artjoms Ivlevs ,b,c,
a Carleton College, Department of Economics, 1 North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
b Bristol Business School, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
c IZA, Bonn, Germany
摘要：
小额信贷长期以来被誉为通过创业促进生计和减少贫困的有力工具。然而，它对人们主观幸福感的影响仍未得到充分研究。我们提出了一个统一的理论框架，用于分析小额信贷创业对整体生活满意度的影响——这是主观幸福感的一个关键表现。实证方面，我们将工具变量方法应用于2013年在孟加拉国三个村庄进行的独特的人口普查家庭调查。尽管没有直接影响，我们发现小额信贷借贷通过增加担忧对整体生活满意度产生间接负面影响。从积极的方面来看，我们发现女性小额借款人对财务安全和人生成就的满意度有所提高。我们还提供证据表明，资产水平较高的小额借款人对金融安全的满意度会提高。
Microcredit has long been hailed as a powerful tool to promote livelihoods and reduce poverty through entrepreneurship. However, its impacts on people's subjective well-being remain underexplored. We present a unified theoretical framework for analyzing the effect of microcreditenabled entrepreneurship on overall life satisfaction-a key manifestation of subjective wellbeing. Empirically, we apply an instrumental variable approach to a unique census-like household survey conducted in three villages of Bangladesh in 2013. In spite of having no direct effects, we find that microcredit borrowing has an indirect negative effect on overall life satisfaction, through increased worry. On a positive note, we find that female micro-borrowers experience an increase in satisfaction with financial security and achievement in life. We also provide evidence that micro-borrowers with higher levels of assets experience an increase in satisfaction with financial security.
Entrepreneurship and eudaimonic well-being: Five venues for new science
创业与心理幸福感：新科学的五个路径
作者：
Carol D. Ryff
Department of Psychology/Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
摘要：
创业研究的学者们正在增加对于创业者心理幸福感的兴趣。幸福感的方法正在被分为享乐型的和心理型两种范式。大多数创业文献已经聚焦于享受型指标（生活满意度、快乐和积极效应）。本文的核心主旨在于检验心理型幸福感与理解创业经历的相关性。心理幸福感的理论背景和关键维度在本文得以描述以及与现有创业研究的相关性也得到考虑。本文还说明性地回顾了先前幸福感研究的发现，以及强调了创业领域进一步拓展的可能性。创业领域的五个关键路径是：（1）创业与自主性，都被视为动机（自我决策理论）和幸福感（心理健康理论）；（2）创业者类型差异（机会型和生存型）与心理幸福感；（3）创业旅途（开头、中间和结束）的幸福；（4）创业、幸福和健康；（5）创业者与他人的幸福感——良性和恶性的对比。在每个主题中，考虑了创业研究的拓展性发现并提出了未来的新研究方向。总体目标是综合研究创业经历与心理幸福感的交互作用。
Researchers in entrepreneurial studies are increasingly interested in the psychological well-being of entrepreneurs. Approaches to well-being tend to be partitioned into hedonic and eudaimonic formulations. Most entrepreneurial studies have focused on hedonic indicators (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect). The central objective of this essay is to examine the relevance of eudaimonic well-being for understanding entrepreneurial experience. The theoretical background and key dimensions of eudaimonic well-being are described and their relevance for entrepreneurial studies is considered. Illustrative findings from prior well-being studies are examined, also with emphasis on possible extensions to entrepreneurship. Five key venues for the entrepreneurial field are then considered: (1) entrepreneurship and autonomy, viewed both as a motive (self-determination theory) and as an aspect of well-being (eudaimonic well-being theory); (2) varieties of entrepreneurship (opportunity versus necessity) and eudaimonic wellbeing; (3) eudaimonia in the entrepreneurial journey (beginning, middle, end); (4) entrepreneurship, well-being and health; and (5) entrepreneurs and the eudaimonia of others – contrasting virtuous and vicious types. In each topic, extant findings from entrepreneurial studies are considered and new research directions proposed. The overall aim is to be generative regarding the interplay between entrepreneurial experience and eudaimonic well-being.
Switching to self-employment can be good for your health
转换至自雇佣有利于你的健康
作者：
Milena Nikolova
University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Global Economics and Management, Nettelbosje 2, 9747 AE Groningen, the Netherlands
摘要：
基于Job Demand-Control的理论见解，本文将职业特征与健康联系起来，为自我雇佣的身心健康后果提供了第一个因果证据。本文利用2002 - 2014年期间的德国纵向数据和DID估计来研究从失业到自我雇佣（生存型创业）以及从正规就业到自我雇佣（机会型创业）的转变。本文发现生存型创业者的心理健康状况有所改善，而健康状况则不然，而机会创业者能带来身心健康的提升。重要的是，健康改善不能通过收入或工作条件的变化来解释，并且不受个性和风险偏好或当地失业条件的驱动。因此，调查结果强调了自我雇佣的额外非货币利益，并对创业理论和实践，现有和潜在的创业者以及政策制定者产生影响。
Relying on theoretical insights from the Job Demand-Control model, which links occupational characteristics to health, this paper provides the first causal evidence of the physical and mental health consequences of self-employment. I utilize German longitudinal data for the period 2002–2014 and difference-in-differences estimations to study switches from unemployment to self-employment (necessity entrepreneurship) and transitions from regular- to self-employment (opportunity entrepreneurship). I find that necessity entrepreneurs experience improvements in their mental but not physical health, while opportunity entrepreneurship leads to both physical and mental health gains. Importantly, the health improvements cannot be explained by changes in income or working conditions and are not driven by personality and risk preferences or the local unemployment conditions. As such, the findings highlight an additional non-monetary benefit of self-employment and have implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice, current and would-be entrepreneurs, as well as policy-makers.
I can't get no sleep—The differential impact of entrepreneurial stressors on work-home interference and insomnia among experienced versus novice entrepreneurs
我不能入睡——创业压力因素对经验丰富的创业者与新手创业者的工作——家庭干扰和失眠的不同影响
作者：
Tobias Kollmanna,1, Christoph Stöckmannb,1, Julia M. Kensbockc,1
a Department of Economics and Business Administration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
b Department of Management, Seeburg Castle University, Austria
c School of Business and Economics, Department of Organisation and Strategy, Maastricht University, Netherlands
摘要：
在创立和管理新企业时，创业者经常面临妨碍他们日常工作的压力因素。本研究探讨了这些创业压力因素如何影响创业者活力恢复和幸福的两个重要的相互关联的指标——也就是说，他们在非工作时间（工作—家庭干扰）和睡眠（失眠）时脱离工作的能力。本文引入了先前的创业经验作为这些关系的重要调节者，研究认为由于他们不同的学习和应对经历以及他们对创业角色的不同解释，经验丰富的创业者和新手创业者会对创业压力源做出不同的反应。在一项122个创业者的实证研究中，本文发现在经验丰富的企业家中，创业压力源主要有直接的睡眠障碍效应。在新手企业家中，同样的压力源主要是通过增加工作—家庭干扰而导致间接影响，从而也增加了失眠。总的来说，因此，我们的研究表明，新手和有经验的创业者在遇到创业压力时都会患失眠症——但是潜在的作用机制不同。
When founding and managing a new business, entrepreneurs are frequently confronted with stressors hampering their daily work. The present study examines how these entrepreneurial stressors affect two important interrelated indicators of entrepreneurs' recovery and wellbeing— that is, their ability to detach from work during non-work times (work-home interference) and their sleep (insomnia). We introduce prior entrepreneurial experience as an important moderator to these relationships, arguing that due to their different learning and coping experiences and their different interpretations of the entrepreneurial role, experienced versus novice entrepreneurs would react differently to entrepreneurial stressors. In an empirical study with 122 entrepreneurs, we found that among experienced entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial stressors primarily had a direct sleep-impairing effect. Among novice entrepreneurs, the same stressors primarily initiated an indirect effect by leading to increased work-home interference and consequently also increased insomnia. Overall, thus, our study shows that both novice and experienced entrepreneurs suffer from insomnia when encountering entrepreneurial stressors— however, the underlying mechanisms differ. Implications are discussed in terms of both theory and practice.
The Yin and Yang of entrepreneurship Gender differences in the importance of communal and agentic characteristics for entrepreneurs' subjective well-being and performance
创业的阴与阳：性别差异对于创业者主观幸福感和绩效的团队合作和代理人特征的重要性
作者：
Keith M. Hmieleski ,a, Leah D. Sheppard ,b
a Department of Entrepreneurship, Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298530, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States of America
b Department of Management, Information Systems, and Entrepreneurship, Carson College of Business, Washington State University, 437D Todd Hall,
Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America
摘要：
本研究考察了创业者的代理人和团队合作人格特征与主观幸福感和新企业绩效之间关系中的性别差异。分层国家（美国）随机抽样的首席执行官（N = 303）的结果表明，男性的代理特征（创造力）和男性的共同特征（团队合作）的优势在于这些人实现高水平的主观幸福感和新创企业绩效的能力。女性和男性的这些相对优势是通过对人岗匹配感知来调节的。
This research examines gender differences in the relationships of entrepreneurs' agentic and communal personality characteristics with measures of subjective well-being and new venture performance. Results from a stratified national (USA) random sample of founding CEOs (N=303) demonstrate the advantages of an agentic characteristic (creativity) for women and a communal characteristic (teamwork) for men, with regard to the respective abilities of such persons to achieve high levels of subjective well-being and new venture performance. These relative advantages for women and men were mediated by perceptions of person-work fit.
Self-employment and allostatic load
自我雇佣与适应负荷
作者：
Pankaj C. Patela,1, Marcus T. Wolfeb,1, Trenton A. Williamsc
a Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States
b University of Oklahoma, Price College of Business, 307 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73069, United States
c Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, 1275 E 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
摘要：
自我雇佣可能会带来压力，其对个人健康的长期影响可能会很大；然而，自我雇佣相关压力的身体结果仍未得到充分研究。本文利用适应负荷作为身体疲劳的长期生物学后果和应激反应的指标，我们使用三个不同的研究来提供对自我雇佣和身体结果之间关系更微妙的理解。在研究1中，我们以194名个体经营者和1511名个体经营者为样本，发现个体经营者的自我雇佣与适应负载有一定的关联，适应负载对个体经营者与身体健康之间的关系有一定的中介作用，但与心理健康无关。研究2基于776名个体经营者和8003名个体经营者的样本，扩展了这些发现，证明长期个体经营者具有更高的适应负荷。最后，在研究3中，我们抽取了174对双胞胎的样本，并与研究2相一致，表明在两次调研中（相隔约8年）中报告自我雇佣的人具有较高的适应负荷，然而，当以问题为中心的问题应对方式时，这些人的适应负荷较低。综上所述，这三项研究扩展了我们对自我雇佣与幸福之间关系的理解。
Self-employment can be stressful and its long-term effects on individual health could be significant; yet, the physiological outcomes of self-employment related stress remain under-explored. Drawing on allostatic load as a long-term biological consequence of physiological wearand- tear and an indicator of stress response, we use three different studies to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between self-employment and physiological outcomes. In Study 1, based on a sample of 194 self-employed and 1511 employed individuals, we find that self-employment is marginally related to allostatic load and allostatic load marginally mediates the relationship between self-employment and physical, but not mental, health. Study 2, based on a sample of 776 self-employed and 8003 employed individuals, extends these findings, and provides evidence that those who are self-employed for longer periods have a higher allostatic load. Finally, in Study 3 we draw on a sample of 174 twins and, consistent with Study 2, show that those reporting self-employment in two waves (about eight years apart) had a higher allostatic load, however, when leveraging problem-focused coping such individuals experienced lower allostatic load. Taken together, these three studies extend our understanding of the relationship between self-employment and wellbeing.
END
作者：刘志阳，系上海财经大学商学院副院长、创业学院执行副院长、中国社会创业研究中心主任
本期我们分享了【顶级期刊创业研究速递】JBV 2019年7月中英文摘要 。如果您感兴趣并想进一步了解，欢迎阅读《创业画布》。
点击“阅读原文”或扫描右侧二维码购买《创业画布》
文章荐读：
【研究速递】视觉激励:社会创业者如何利用情感-符号工作来推动社会变革
- 图文编辑：王陆峰 -
阅读更多精彩内容
长按扫码关注我们