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浅谈英语创意写作3: 标点和对话

钱佳楠 钱佳楠 2022-12-12

按:这是最近两年我在美国爱荷华大学教本科生创意写作课的讲稿。创意写作课因为其独特的实践性质,所以大部分的课堂时间都用于细读作品和讨论学生的习作。但是因为我的课针对的是母语非英语的国际学生,我为每堂课做了5-10分钟的微讲座,主要涉及英语写作的最基本层面。如今,爱荷华岁月已经结束,就整理这些笔记给对英语写作感兴趣的朋友。如果希望了解更深入的创意写作层面,欢迎搜索我的在线课程。

 

  1. 标点

 

标点的重要性不言而喻,有以下两张图片为证。

 

(1)  逗号

 

这里只说容易用错和比较有用的规则。在中文当中,我们用逗号就可以隔开两个独立句,如“他喜欢吃苹果,她喜欢吃香蕉。”但是在英语当中,“逗号”不能够这样使用,如果要隔开两个独立句,必须使用分号(;),或者就使用连词加逗号,英语中最常见的连词是andbut。所以,刚才那句话可以是:

 

He likes to eat apples, and she likes to eat bananas.

 

He likes to eat apples, but she likes to eat bananas.

 

取决于你想强调的是并列还是转折关系。

 

这里就有了第一条重要的语法规则:在引导并列分句的连词(如and but)之前需要加上逗号。例如:

 

•       The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

•       The situation is dangerous, but there is still one chance of escape.

 

这条规则很简单,我们看一条容易混淆的细部规则:

 

当两个分句的主语一致,如果两个分句的陈述之间有着紧密的关系或时间上的即时性,那么这中间的逗号必须省略。

 

光看规则很晕,我们看例子:

 

•       1: That wind! she would say, because it pushed the skirts of her coat against her legs and made strands of her hair fly.

•       2:  Edmund would carry buckets and a trowel, and lift them earth and all, and bring them home to plant, and they would die.

•                                                                          (Marilynne Robinson, Housekeeping)

 

以上两例子都来自美国著名作家玛里莲·鲁滨逊的成名作《管家》,例1中“风”的两个行为之间没有逗号,例2爱德蒙的一系列行为之间却有逗号隔开,这是为什么?

 

对照一下规则就发现了,例1中“风”的两个行为有时间上的即时性,吹动外套的边角和吹起她的头发几乎是同时发生的;例2中这几个行为是分开的,没有这么紧密,所以不符合逗号豁免规则。(例二中最后一个逗号不属于这条细部规则,因为主语有改变,而是符合引导分句的连词前需要加逗号的这条主规则)

 

好,我们看第二条逗号规则,这在英语写作中很常用。可以在一对逗号之间放置插入语。比如:

 

•       The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.

 

英语句子中插入语的使用频率很高,除了一对逗号,比较常见的还有一对破折号(Em Dash),或者一对括弧,所以,上面这句话如果变成如下两种形式也符合语法规则:

 

The best way to see a country—unless you are pressed for time—is to travel on foot.

 

The best way to see a country is to travel on foot. (Unless you are pressed for time.)

 

学生常问我这三种表达的差异,其实你看一眼就发现了,一对括弧特别正式,如果你写论文,需要交代数据或者术语,这种表达比较规范。破折号要比逗号显眼,所以,如果你需要强调插入的信息,破折号是你需要使用的,而如果你希望增加句子的流动性,不希望读者在这里作过多停留,那么一对逗号是很好的选择。

 

既然说到了这条规则,因为和中文规范不同,所以再温习一下:

 

•       1. Margot’s brother, Tom Peters paid us a visit last Sunday.  ✖️

•       2. Margot’s brother, Tom Peters, paid us a visit last Sunday.  ✔️

 

如果你运用得好,这种插入语可以立即给文章增色,让我们来看李翊云小说里的例子:

 

Yet Auntie Wang makes the decision for her right there and then, between two fish stands, and in a short time she finds Granny Lin a match. (Yiyun Li, “Extra”)

 

在这里,Autie WangGranny Lin做的决定是给她找一个老公,所以你看,这么重要的人生决定就和这么随意的场合(“between two fish stands”)形成了鲜明的对比,这句话一下子就有了戏剧性。

 

有时候这种插入也是为了增加语言的节奏。让我们看一个很美但可能会让你头晕的例子,来自保罗·哈丁荣获普利策奖的小说《修补匠》的开头:

 

George Washington Crosby began to hallucinate eight days before he died. From the rented hospital bed, placed in the middle of his own living room, he saw insects running in and out of imaginary cracks in the ceiling plaster. The panes in the windows, once snugly pointed and glazed, stood loose in their sashes. Paul Harding, Tinkers

 

你可以看到后面这两个长句,除了用一对逗号插入了有趣的对照之外,还保持着相似的停顿,给整篇小说创设了一种节奏。

 

(2)  引号

 

规则一:美式英语这点是很奇怪的,逗号和句号总是留在关引号里,比如:

 

•       “Don’t get me wrong,” she said with a friendly smile.

•       I can never remember how to spell “bureaucracy.”

 

规则二:分号,冒号和破折号总是抛在关引号外,比如:

 

•       Her favorite song is “Someone Like You”; she spent hours listening to it every week.

•       She sang her favorite line from “Yellow”: “Look at the stars. Look how they shine for you.”

•        He murmured, “You don’t believe me” — right before he burst into tears.

 

规则三:问号和感叹号如果是引用的一部分则在关引号里,如果不是,则在关引号外,比如:

 

•       He asked, “Can I get another cup of coffee?”

•       Do you really like “007: Spectre”?

 

这些规则很简单。但既然说到引号,我们不得不提到对话。在对话前后,英语的标点和中文的标点规则有一些不同:

 

还是以这句话做引子:

 

•       “Don’t get me wrong,” she said with a friendly smile.

 

如果直接引语之后有“某某说”这样的引导语,那么前面用逗号结束,而且后面的某某说以小写开头。

 

再比较下面这种表达:

 

•       “Don’t get me wrong.” She smiled.

 

如果没有“某某说”这样的引导语,那么前面用句号结束。后面的句子要按照一般的句子要求,以大写开头。

 

  1. 对话

 

其实这个小标题之前就该开始了,但是这里做个划分,因为我们以下谈及对话写作中除标点之外的内容,有以下几条可以参考的原则:

 

1)如果说话人有重要的行为,你可以省略“某某说”这样的引导语,更加符合英语简洁的审美原则。比如:

 

“Frank?” I face the mirror, smoothing the hair over my thinning spot. “I’ll be—” (Lindsay Stern, The Study of Animal Language)

 

你可以看到,这里“我”在说话的同时有着很有意味的动作,如果再写类似于“I say, smoothing the hair over my thinning spot.”就减弱了这种行为的力度。(顺便说一句,英语中表示说话被人打断是用破折号,而不是中文里的省略号,如上所示。)

 

2)让读者早一点知道谁在说话。

 

中文可能会这么表达:“对不起,男洗手间坏掉了。”我说。

 

但是英语写作里,常常把这个“我说”提前,让读者清楚谁在说话(或许更符合清晰原则)。于是,这句话会变成这样:

 

“Sorry,” I volunteer. “Men’s is out of order.” (Lindsay Stern, The Study of Animal Language)

 

3)不要去写繁冗的日常性问候。

 

对话和小说中的其它部分一样,都需要经过精心选择。不少初学者写对话会把日常生活中的对话照搬,比如写两个人相遇,会从两个人互问“Good morning.”开始,读者还没有读到关键部分,就已经在“How are you?”部分丧失了耐心。所以,舍弃日常寒暄,除非你所展现的问候语展现了人物的个性,比如:

 

“Bye,” he said. I stared at his trembling smile—we had known each other for years, but I had never heard him say goodbye to anyone.

 

(4)精彩的对话展现冲突,冲突展现人物。

 

尽量不要用对话去介绍背景信息,这样会让对话显得冗长无聊。对话是展现冲突的,这里的冲突是广义上的冲突:包括矛盾,张力,不理解等等。

 

以下这段对话来自一本犯罪小说,我在课堂上试过以它为本,看看如何修改可以让对话更充分地展现人物。

 

原文:

 

•       … “Your friend, the one you were visiting that night you bumped into me …” She was on her mobile, sounded like she was outdoors. 

•       “Andy?” he said. ‘Andy Callis?” 

•       “Can you describe him?” 

•       Rebus froze. “What’s happened?” 

•       “Look, it might not be him …”

•       “Where are you?” 

•       “Describe him for me … that way you’re not headed all the way out here for nothing.”  (Ian Rankin,  A Question of Blood)

 

这段对话没什么问题,我们也已经得到了一些潜台词,放在具体的书里可能也符合两个人物的形象,但是,我们也可以比较一下以下两种改动:

 

改动1:

 

•       … “Your friend, the one you visited the other night…” She sounded upset on her mobile.

•       “Andy?” he said. ‘Andy Callis?” 

•       “Describe him for me—”  She was cut by the sound of a car horn.

•       Rebus froze. “Where are you?” 

•       “It might not be him …”

•       “I’m coming to you.”  Rebus grabbed his coat.

•       “Describe him first,” she said. “Please.”

 

解释一下我的修改,原文里的第一句话在我看来不够有效,因为我不知道作者想强调的主人公此刻是什么心情,所以我想为这个情景定调。第三句,与其说给一个模糊的“sounded like she was outdoors”还不如给出更具体的让“我”知道她在街上的暗示。

 

改动2:

 

•       … “Your friend, the one you visited last Thursday night.” Her voice was calm and firm as always. “What’s his name?”

•       “Andy?” he said. ‘Andy Callis?” 

•       “Can you describe him?”  

•       “Where are you?” Rebus heard what sounded like an engine revving up.

•       “Look, it might not be him …”

•       “What happened?”  He froze.

•       “Describe him for me,” she said. “Now.”

 

这是尝试给这个女性人物另一种性格,所以几个小小的改动可以凸显这一点。

 

多年前为正午故事采访李翊云,她说到要区分故事(story)和处境(situation),处境(比如贫穷,中年危机,结婚,离婚等等)永远都在,但是“故事是你从这个细节里知道只有这个人会这样做事情。”写对话也是一样,只有这个人会这么说话(可以结合第二讲中关于register如何影响voice的部分一起看)。

 

作为这一讲的结尾,放一段福克纳在《献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》中很精彩的对话,背景是新上任的年轻一代官员去向在出身显赫家族的艾米丽小姐征税:

 

Her voice was dry and cold. “I have no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves.”

 

“But we have. We are the city authorities, Miss Emily. Didn’t you get a noticefrom the sheriff, signed by him?”

 

“I received a paper, yes,” Miss Emily said. “Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff… I have no taxes in Jefferson.” 

 

“But there is nothing on the books to show that, you see. We must go by the—”

 

“See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson.”

 

“But, Miss Emily—”

 

“See Colonel Sartoris.” (Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years.) “I have no taxes in Jefferson. Tobe!” The Negro appeared. “Show these gentlemen out.”

 

下一讲继续。


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