LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE

Volume 37, Issue 7-10, 2022

LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE（SSCI一区，2021 IF：2.842）2022年第7-10期共发文29篇，均为研究性论文。论文主要涉及二语习得研究，语篇、语义、语音语调等语言的多层次探究，通过现有神经语言学技术，如ERP或者Eye tracker。同时，还涉及健康老龄化和左半球卒中对统计语言学习的影响等。欢迎转发扩散！（2022年已更完）

往期推荐：

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第3期-第6期

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第2期

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第1期

目录

ARTICLES

■Age-related changes in the structure and dynamics of the semantic network, by Suzanne R. Jongman & Kara D. Federmeier, Pages 393–413.

■Phonological competition in Mandarin spoken word recognition, by  Qing Yang & Yiya Chen, Pages 820-843.

■Ambiguity in case marking does not affect the description of transitive events in German: evidence from sentence production and eye-tracking, by Judith Schlenter, Yulia Esaulova, Sarah Dolscheid & Martina Penke, Pages 844-865.

■The interplay between classifier choice and animacy in Mandarin-Chinese noun phrases: an ERP study, by Maximilian Frankowsky, Dan Ke, Pienie Zwitserlood, René Michel & Jens Bölte, Pages 866-882.

■The interaction of predictive processing and similarity-based retrieval interference: an ERP study, by Pia Schoknecht, Dietmar Roehm, Matthias Schlesewsky & Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Pages 883-901.

■Behavioural and EEG evidence for inter-individual variability in late encoding stages of word production, by Pamela Fuhrmeister, Sylvain Madec, Antje Lorenz, Shereen Elbuy & Audrey Bürki, Pages 902-924.

■The tip-of-the-Mandarin tongue: phonological and orthographic priming of TOT resolution in Mandarin speakers, by  Kristine L. Chang, Pengbo Hu & Lise Abrams, Pages 925-938.

■Cognitive control states influence real-time sentence processing as reflected in the P600 ERP，by Zoe Ovans, Nina S. Hsu, Donald Bell-Souder, Phillip Gilley, Jared M. Novick & Albert E. Kim, Pages 939-947.

■Effortful retrieval practice effects in lexical access: a role for semantic competition, by Abhijeet Patra, Hilary J. Traut, Mackenzie Stabile & Erica L. Middleton, Pages 948-963.

■Two bee oar knot too be: the effects of orthography and bilingualism on spoken homophone production, by  Polly Barr, Britta Biedermann & Lyndsey Nickels, Pages 964-983.

■Effects of healthy aging and left hemisphere stroke on statistical language learning, by Mackenzie E. Fama, Kathryn D. Schuler, Elissa L. Newport & Peter E. Turkeltaub, Pages 984-999.

■Sensorimotor norms for Chinese nouns and their relationship with orthographic and semantic variables, by Yin Zhong, Mingyu Wan, Kathleen Ahrens & Chu-Ren Huang, Pages 1000-1022.

■Cross-modal investigation of event component omissions in language development: a comparison of signing and speaking children, by Beyza Sümer & Aslı Özyürek, Pages 1023-1039.

■Delayed prediction of idiom constituent meaning points to weak holistic multi-word representation in children, by Ruth Kessler & Claudia K. Friedrich, Pages 1040-1061.

■Investigating shared and distinct mechanisms in semantic and syntactic enrichment: a priming study, by  Aine Ito & E. Matthew Husband, Pages 1062-1072.

■Cross-linguistic gender congruency effects during lexical access in novice L2 learners: evidence from ERPs, by Ana Zappa, Daniel Mestre, Jean-Marie Pergandi, Deirdre Bolger & Cheryl Frenck-Mestre, Pages 1073-1098.

■Auditory predictions are phonological when phonetic information is variable, by Ryan Rhodes, Enes Avcu, Chao Han & Arild Hestvik, Pages 1099-1114.

■Consonant, vowel and lexical neighbourhood processing during word recognition: New evidence using the sandwich priming technique, by Silvana Schmandt, Thierry Nazzi & Boris New, Pages 1115-1130.

■When one speaker’s broccoli is another speaker’s cauliflower: the real-time processing of multiple speaker vocabularies, by Thomas St. Pierre & Jean-Pierre Koenig, Pages 1131-1152.

■Development of neural discrimination of pitch across speech and music in the first year of life, a mismatch response study, by Ao Chen, Varghese Peter & Denis Burnham, Pages 1153-1168. 

■The recognition of spoken pseudowords, by Matthew C. Kelley & Benjamin V. Tucker, Pages 1169-1190.

■Memory for linguistic features and the focus of attention: evidence from the dynamics of agreement inside DP, by Matthew Wagers & Brian McElree, Pages 1191-1206.

■The cognitive processing of tone sandhi in different information structural status during dialogue comprehension, by Zilong Zheng, Yu-Fu Chien, Wenjing Wang, Zhenghua Zhang & Weijun Li, Pages 1207-1219.

■Understanding the role of linguistic distributional knowledge in cognition, by Cai Wingfield & Louise Connell, Pages 1220-1270.

■Planning of prosodic clitics in Australian English, by  I. Yuen, K. Demuth & S. Shattuck-Hufnagel, Pages 1271-1276.

■Discourse rules: the effects of clause order principles on the reading process, by Merel C. J. Scholman, Liam Blything, Kate Cain, Jet Hoek & Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul, Pages 1277-1291.

■Effects of non-adjacent letter repetition in the same-different matching task, by Jonathan Mirault, Stéphanie Massol & Jonathan Grainger, Pages 1292-1302.

■Locality and attachment preferences in preverbal versus post-verbal Relative Clauses, by Miriam Aguilar, Pilar Ferré, José A. Hinojosa, José M. Gavilán & Josep Demestre, Pages 1303-1310.

■On the nature of implicit causality and consequentiality: the case of psychological verbs, by Torgrim Solstad & Oliver Bott, Pages 1311-1340.

摘要

Age-related changes in the structure and dynamics of the semantic network

Suzanne R. Jongman, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA 

Kara D. Federmeier, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA；Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

Abstract Normal aging has variable effects on language comprehension, perhaps because comprehension mechanisms vary in their dependence on network structure versus network dynamics. To test claims that processing dynamics are more affected by age than structure, we used EEG to measure and compare the impact of neighborhood size, a core measure of the structure of the lexico-semantic network, and repetition, a simple measure of processing dynamics, on single word processing. Older adults showed robust effects of neighborhood size on the N400, comparable to those elicited by young adults, but reduced effects of repetition. Furthermore, older adults with greater verbal fluency, print exposure, and reading comprehension showed greater repetition effects, suggesting some older adults can maintain processing dynamics that are similar to those of young adults. Thus, the organizational structure of the semantic network seems stable across normal aging, but (some) older adults may struggle to adjust activation states within that network.

Key words Aging, word recognition, neighborhood size, N400 effects, semantic network

Phonological competition in Mandarin spoken word recognition

Qing Yang, Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Yiya Chen, Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Abstract Most of the world’s languages use both segment and lexical tone to distinguish word meanings. However, the few studies on spoken word recognition in tone languages show conflicting results concerning the relative contribution of (sub-)syllabic constituents, and the time course of how segmental and tonal information is utilised. In Experiments 1 & 2, participants listened to monosyllabic Mandarin words with the presence of a phonological competitor, which overlaps in either segmental syllable, onset and tone, rhyme and tone, or just tone. Eye movement results only confirmed the segmental syllable competition effect. Experiment 3 investigated the time course of segmental vs. tonal cue utilisation by manipulating their point of divergence (POD) and found that POD modulates the look trajectories of both segmental and tonal phonological competitors. While listeners can use both segmental and tonal information incrementally to constrain lexical activation, segmental syllable plays an advantageous role in Mandarin spoken word recognition.

Key words  Mandarin spoken word recognition, visual world paradigm, phonological competition, Mandarin Chinese, models of lexical tone processing

Ambiguity in case marking does not affect the description of transitive events in German: evidence from sentence production and eye-tracking

Judith Schlenter, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Yulia Esaulova, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Sarah Dolscheid, Biopsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Martina Penke, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Abstract The current study examined how German speakers described a scene where an agent acts upon a patient when the patient of the event was cued (a red dot preceding the patient, Experiment 1 vs. preview of the patient, Experiment 2). Prior research has shown that effects of attention manipulation on syntactic choice display cross-linguistic variation with notable differences between languages that have morphological case marking on noun phrases and English that lacks such marking. Since in German nominative subject case and accusative object case are unambiguously marked on masculine nouns but not on feminine nouns, it provides the ideal testing ground to investigate how case marking affects sentence production. Our results did not reveal any effect of case marking although the different types of attention manipulation were effective. Moreover, the eye-gaze data revealed that German speakers applied the same sentence-planning strategy for both masculine nouns (unambiguous) and feminine nouns (ambiguous).

Key words Sentence production, visual cueing, eye-tracking, morphological case marking, non-canonical sentences, passive voice

The interplay between classifier choice and animacy in Mandarin-Chinese noun phrases: an ERP study

Maximilian Frankowsky, Institute of German Language and Literature, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Dan Ke, Institute of British Studies, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Pienie Zwitserlood, Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeld-Centre for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

René Michel, Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeld-Centre for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Jens Bölte, Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeld-Centre for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Abstract Animacy is an important semantic assignment principle in both gender and numeral classifier systems. Linguistic research has shown that animacy is not a simple binary feature but represents a fine-grained taxonomy of different animacy levels. We used the classifier system of Mandarin Chinese, with classifiers varying in semantic constraint, to assess whether the referents’ degree of animacy influences the processing of classifier-noun pairs. ERP results show an effect of agreement mismatch only when the general classifier 个 gè is paired with nouns referring to higher animals (chimpanzee, lion). For these pairs, the sortal classifier 只 zhī has to be chosen. No such effect was observed for nouns that refer to intermediate-level and lower animals (octopus, earthworm), indicating that 个 gè does not constitute an agreement mismatch here. We also observed significant ERP effects indicating that speakers of Mandarin Chinese process the general classifier and the specific sortal classifiers differently.

Key words  Classifier, animacy, Mandarin Chinese, nominal classification, sustained negativity

The interaction of predictive processing and similarity-based retrieval interference: an ERP study

Pia Schoknecht, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Dietmar Roehm, Department of Linguistics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Matthias Schlesewsky, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia;  Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia;e Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

Abstract Language processing requires memory retrieval to integrate current input with previous context and making predictions about upcoming input. We propose that prediction and retrieval are two sides of the same coin, i.e. functionally the same, as they both activate memory representations. Under this assumption, memory retrieval and prediction should interact: Retrieval interference can only occur at a word that triggers retrieval and a fully predicted word would not do that. The present study investigated the proposed interaction with event-related potentials (ERPs) during the processing of sentence pairs in German. Predictability was measured via cloze probability. Memory retrieval was manipulated via the position of a distractor inducing proactive or retroactive similarity-based interference. Linear mixed model analyses provided evidence for the hypothesised interaction in a broadly distributed negativity, which we discuss in relation to the interference ERP literature. Our finding supports the proposal that memory retrieval and prediction are functionally the same.

Key words Language, memory retrieval, interference, prediction, predictive processing, interaction, ERP

Behavioural and EEG evidence for inter-individual variability in late encoding stages of word production

Pamela Fuhrmeister, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany

Sylvain Madec, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany

Antje Lorenz, Department of Psychology, Neurocognitive Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany

Shereen Elbuy, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany

Audrey Bürki, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany

Abstract Individuals differ in the time needed to name a picture. This contribution asks whether this inter-individual variability emerges in earlier stages of word production (e.g. lexical selection) or later stages (e.g. articulation) and examines the consequences of this variability for EEG group results. We measured participants’ (N = 45) naming latencies and continuous EEG in a picture-word interference task and naming latencies in a delayed naming task. Inter-individual variability in naming latencies in immediate naming (in contrast with inter-item variability) was not larger than the variability in the delayed task, suggesting that some variability in immediate naming originates in later stages of word production. EEG data complemented this interpretation: Differences between relatively fast vs. slow speakers emerged in response-aligned analyses in a time window close to the vocal response. We additionally present a method to assess the generalisability of the timing of effects across participants based on random sampling.

Key words  Word production, inter-individual variability, event-related potential, spicture-word-interference

The tip-of-the-Mandarin tongue: phonological and orthographic priming of TOT resolution in Mandarin speakers

Kristine L. Chang, Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA

Pengbo Hu, Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA

Lise Abrams, Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA

Abstract Studies of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences in English have shown that priming the TOT’s first syllable, especially a low-frequency one, helps to resolve the TOT. We explored whether priming of TOT resolution occurs in Mandarin, a language whose visual representation (orthography) is largely independent of sound (phonology). Participants saw descriptions corresponding to cheng-yu targets, four-character Chinese idioms. After a TOT, they saw a list of words where one was sometimes a phonological (Experiment 1) or orthographic (Experiment 2) prime. Phonological primes had a first character different from the target’s but contained either its first syllable or first phoneme, whereas orthographic primes contained the target’s first radical. Results showed that two factors marginally increased TOT resolution: first syllable primes and higher-frequency first radicals. These results are discussed in terms of a transmission deficit model of TOTs in Mandarin where priming of TOT resolution has both similarities and differences with alphabetic languages.

Key words Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT), Mandarin, phonological and orthographic priming, syllable and radical frequency, idioms

Cognitive control states influence real-time sentence processing as reflected in the P600 ERP

Zoe Ovans, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Nina S. Hsu, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Donald Bell-Souder, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

Phillip Gilley, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

Jared M. Novick, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Albert E. Kim, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

Abstract As sentences unfold, people often encounter conflicting cues that vie for influence during processing and comprehension. We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) to test the hypothesis that cognitive control increases activation of the most plausible analysis of the input to resolve such conflicts. Participants read sentences like “The bathroom floor was mopping yesterday”, where conflict arises between a syntactically-licensed interpretation (“floor” as Agent of “mop”) and a semantically plausible one (“floor” as Theme of “mop”). Participants also completed pseudorandomly interleaved Congruent and Incongruent Stroop trials, which manipulated cognitive-control engagement immediately before sentence-reading trials. Target sentences elicited a P600 effect, replicating previous results suggesting that readers typically make morphosyntactic edits to yield the plausible interpretation (e.g. “mopping” → “mopped”). Crucially, the P600 was larger and more broadly distributed following Incongruent versus Congruent Stroop items, consistent with increased structural repair activity when an individual’s state of cognitive control is relatively upregulated.

Key words Language comprehension, cognitive control, P600 ERP, conflict adaptation, rational inference

Effortful retrieval practice effects in lexical access: a role for semantic competition

Abhijeet Patra, Research Department, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA

Hilary J. Traut, Research Department, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA

Mackenzie Stabile, Research Department, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA

Erica L. Middleton, Research Department, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA  

Abstract Word retrieval difficulty (lexical access deficit) is prevalent in aphasia. Studies have shown that practice retrieving names from long-term memory (retrieval practice) improves future name retrieval for production in people with aphasia (PWA), particularly when retrieval is effortful. To explicate such effects, this study examined a potential role for semantic competition in the learning mechanism(s) underlying effortful retrieval practice effects in lexical access in 6 PWA. Items were trained in a blocked-cyclic naming task, in which repeating sets of pictures drawn from semantically-related versus unrelated categories underwent retrieval practice with feedback. Naming accuracy was lower for the related items at training, but next-day accuracy did not differ between the conditions. However, greater semantic-relatedness of an item to its set in the related condition was associated with lower accuracy at training but higher accuracy at test. Relevance to theories of lexical access and implications for naming treatment in aphasia are discussed.

Key words Lexical access, retrieval practice, semantic blocking, naming impairment, aphasia

Two bee oar knot too be: the effects of orthography and bilingualism on spoken homophone production

Polly Barra,  School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Britta Biedermann, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Lyndsey Nickels, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Macquarie Centre for Reading, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Abstract The distinct meanings and shared phonology of pairs of homophones (e.g. night, knight) are useful tools for investigating lexical retrieval. However, there is inconsistency in previous research as to whether an advantage is found for homophones relative to non-homophones in spoken production. We investigated the effect of three potential confounding factors in the previous literature by asking participants to name and translate homophones and matched non-homophone control words: (i) speaker type (monolingual/bilingual participants); (ii) homophone spelling (heterographic/homographic) and (iii) task (picture naming/translation). Previous inconsistences were not due to speaker type or homophone spelling. We found a slight advantage for homophones; however, this was modulated by task. It remains unclear whether this effect differs with homophone spelling. In combination with previous research, we suggest that an Interactive activation model with competition between lexical nodes is the most plausible model of spoken word production.

Key words Homophones, language production, lexical access, bilingualism, phonological word form, lemma

Effects of healthy aging and left hemisphere stroke on statistical language learning

Mackenzie E. Fama, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Kathryn D. Schuler, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Elissa L. Newport, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC, USA

Peter E. Turkeltaub, Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC, USA

Abstract Spoken sentences are continuous streams of sound, without reliable acoustic cues to word boundaries. We have previously proposed that language learners identify words via an implicit statistical learning mechanism that computes transitional probabilities between syllables. Neuroimaging studies in healthy young adults associate this learning with left inferior frontal gyrus, left arcuate fasciculus, and bilateral striatum. Here, we test the effects of healthy aging and left hemisphere (LH) injury on statistical learning. Following 10-minute exposure to an artificial language, participants rated familiarity of Words, Part-words (sequences spanning word boundaries), and Non-words (unfamiliar sequences). Young controls (N = 14) showed robust learning, rating Words > Part-words > Non-words. Older controls (N = 28) showed this pattern to a weaker degree. Stroke survivors (N = 24) as a group showed no learning. A lesion comparison examining individual differences revealed that “non-learners” are more likely to have anterior lesions. Together, these findings demonstrate that word segmentation is sensitive to healthy aging and LH injury.

Key words Word segmentation, statistical learning, language, aging, stroke

Sensorimotor norms for Chinese nouns and their relationship with orthographic and semantic variables

Yin Zhong, Department of English and Communication, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Yin Zhong, Department of English and Communication, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Kathleen Ahrens, Department of English and Communication, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Chu-Ren Huang, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Abstract Sensorimotor information is vital to the conceptual representation of our knowledge system. This study collects perceptual and action ratings for 664 disyllabic nouns among 438 native speakers and creates the first and largest dataset of sensorimotor norms for nouns in Chinese. Using aggregated semantic covariates, including concreteness ratings from a concreteness rating study, as well as the reaction times and error rates from a lexical decision study, our current work demonstrates the strengths of sensory modalities and action effectors in Chinese nouns and explores the contributions of embodied experiences in reflecting orthographic representations and semantic processing in the Chinese language. This study contributes valuable data sources to the study of Chinese lexical processing and highlights the importance of sensorimotor information and embodied manifestations in the semantic representations of concepts. Our results also support the language universal that orthographic awareness in lexical processing and reading supersedes phonological awareness.

Key words  Sensorimotor norm, sembodied cognition, orthography, lexical processing, Chinese nouns

Cross-modal investigation of event component omissions in language development: a comparison of signing and speaking children

Beyza Sümer, Department of Linguistics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;b Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Aslı Özyürek, Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;c Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Abstract Language development research suggests a universal tendency for children to be under- informative in narrating motion events by omitting components such as Path, Manner or Ground. However, this assumption has not been tested for children acquiring sign language. Due to the affordances of the visual-spatial modality of sign languages for iconic expression, signing children might omit event components less frequently than speaking children. Here we analysed motion event descriptions elicited from deaf children (4–10 years) acquiring Turkish Sign Language (TİD) and their Turkish-speaking peers. While children omitted all types of event components more often than adults, signing children and adults encoded more Path and Manner in TİD than their peers in Turkish. These results provide more evidence for a general universal tendency for children to omit event components as well as a modality bias for sign languages to encode both Manner and Path more frequently than spoken languages.

Key words  Language acquisition, motionsign language, spoken language, language modality

Delayed prediction of idiom constituent meaning points to weak holistic multi-word representation in children

Ruth Kessler, Developmental Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Claudia K. Friedrich, Developmental Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Abstract While generative accounts of language processing assume that children break down language into smaller components on which they apply computational operations, usage-based accounts assume that children acquire frequently co-occurring words as large chunks, which they decompose only later in development. We investigated the evidence for the multi-word representation of idioms like to let the cat out of the bag in 9- to 10-year-olds using eye-tracking and Event-Related Potentials. Both measures indicated that children rapidly predict idiom-final words (bag). However, although they are generally capable of rapidly predicting semantic associates for highly predictive endings of novel sentences (as demonstrated in a control experiment), within idioms they activate semantic associates (basket) only in a late processing stage. We conclude that children rapidly activate multi-word units for idioms and decompose these units only after a short delay during online processing. This effect might relate to unitary acquisition of idioms as assumed by usage-based accounts.

Key words usage-based accounts, idioms, semantic expectancy, ERP, eye-tracking

Investigating shared and distinct mechanisms in semantic and syntactic enrichment: a priming study

Aine Ito, Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore, Block AS5, 7 Arts Link 117570, Singapore, Singapore

E. Matthew Husband, Faculty of Linguistics, Philology, and Phonetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Abstract Aspectual verbs (e.g. begin) and intensional verbs (e.g. want) can both take entity-denoting NPs as a complement (begin/want the book) and acquire an implicit meaning (e.g. reading). Linguistic theory posits that such enriched implicit meanings can be acquired either by semantic enrichment with aspectual verbs or by syntactic enrichment with intensional verbs. To investigate whether semantic and syntactic enrichment share enrichment operations, we conducted a structural priming study. Experiment 1 repeated the verb on prime and target trials and found evidence for enrichment priming for both verb types. Experiment 2 crossed the verb type and found no evidence for priming. These results suggest that enrichment operations are distinct for aspectual and intensional verbs. However, Experiment 3 repeated Experiment 1 without lexical boost and found no enrichment priming within the verb type. Thus, producing an enriched structure may not robustly activate enrichment structures, leaving open questions concerning shared mechanisms.

Key words  Enrichment, complement coercion, priming, production

Cross-linguistic gender congruency effects during lexical access in novice L2 learners: evidence from ERPs

Ana Zappa, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire Parole & Langage (LPL), Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, France

Daniel Mestre, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Marseille, France

Jean-Marie Pergandi, Aix-Marseille Université; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Marseille, France

Deirdre Bolger, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire Parole & Langage (LPL), Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, France

Cheryl Frenck-Mestre, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Parole & Langage (LPL), Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, France

Abstract Herein we present electrophysiological evidence of extremely rapid learning of new labels in a second language (L2) for existing concepts, via computerized games. However, the effect was largely constrained by crosslinguistic grammatical gender congruency. We recorded ERPs both prior to exposure with the L2 and following a 4-day training session. Prior to exposure, no modulation of the N400 component was found as a function of the correct Match vs. Mismatch of audio presentation of words and their associated images. Post-training, a large N400 effect emerged for Mismatch compared to Match trials, but only for trials on which the L2 words shared grammatical gender in the learners' L1. Behavioral results showed that all L2 words were learned equally as well, independent of gender congruency across the L1 and the L2. The results demonstrate that crosslinguistic grammatical gender congruency influences lexical activation during the initial stages of establishing a new L2 lexicon.

Key words Gender congruency effect, EEG, L2 learning, computerized games

Auditory predictions are phonological when phonetic information is variable

Ryan Rhodes, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science (RuCCS), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;c Department of Linguistics & Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Enes Avcu, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;c Department of Linguistics & Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Chao Han, Department of Linguistics & Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Arild Hestvik, Department of Linguistics & Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Abstract An emerging body of studies has claimed that exposure to phonetically varying speech sounds results in strictly phonological representations of speech sounds by the brain’s auditory prediction system (Cornell et al., 2011; Eulitz & Lahiri, 2004; Hestvik et al., 2020; Hestvik & Durvasula, 2016; Phillips et al., 2000). We test this claim by measuring mismatch negativity (MMN) to a subcategorical contrast with two sets of phonetically varying standards. When controlling for non-prediction related contributors to the MMN, we find a mismatch in a late time window. However, the mismatch effect is only significant for participants who perceived the contrast as an across-category contrast (/t/ vs /d/). Additionally, we find no modulation of mismatch amplitude predicated on phonetic distance between standards and deviant. Taken together, this indicates that the prediction generated by the auditory system in response to phonetically varying speech sounds is indeed phonological and lacks any fine-grained phonetic content.

Key words  Mismatch, prediction, phonetic, phonological

Consonant, vowel and lexical neighbourhood processing during word recognition: New evidence using the sandwich priming technique

Silvana Schmandt, Center of Cognitive Sciences, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Centre Universitaire des Saint-Pères, Université de Paris, Paris, France; CNRS (Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002), Paris, France

Thierry Nazzi, Centre Universitaire des Saint-Pères, Université de Paris, Paris, France; CNRS (Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002), Paris, France

Boris New, LPNC, Laboratory of Psychology and Neurocognition, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France; CNRS (Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, UMR 5105), Grenoble, France

Abstract Studies on French adults using a written lexical decision task with masked priming, in which targets were more primed by consonant- (jalu-JOLI) than vowel-related (vobi-JOLI) primes, support the proposal that consonants have more weight than vowels in lexical processing. This study examines the phonological and/or lexical nature of this consonant bias (C-bias), using a sandwich priming task in which a brief presentation of the target (pre-prime) precedes the prime-target sequence, a manipulation blocking lexical neighbourhood effects. Results from three experiments (varying pre-prime/prime durations) show consistent C-priming and no significant V-priming at earlier and later processing stages (50 or 66 ms primes). Yet, a joint analysis reveals a small V-priming, while confirming a significant consonant advantage. This demonstrates the contribution of the phonological level to the C-bias. Second, differences in performance comparing the classic versus sandwich priming task also establish a contribution of lexical neighbourhood inhibition effects to the C-bias.

Key words Consonants and vowels, phonological and lexical processing, visual word recognition, consonant bias, sandwich priming paradigm

When one speaker’s broccoli is another speaker’s cauliflower: the real-time processing of multiple speaker vocabularies

Thomas St. Pierre, Department of Linguistics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States

Jean-Pierre Koenig, Department of Linguistics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States

Abstract Once interlocutors settle on a specific label in conversation, they tend to maintain the linguistic precedent and reuse the same label (i.e. they become lexically entrained). This helps to facilitate comprehension, with listeners identifying referents more quickly when repeated labels are used compared to new labels. In the current study, we looked at whether listeners are additionally sensitive to repeated infelicitous labels (Experiment 1), as when non-native speakers, for example, overgeneralise a term (e.g. identifying a chair as the chair with tires). In addition, we investigated the extent to which listeners’ expectations of incorrect labels are influenced by knowledge of community speaking patterns, testing whether listeners could disregard recently encountered lexical errors from a non-native speaker as possible labels when processing a native speaker, who should not be expected to produce such errors (Experiment 2). Our results provide no evidence that listeners were able to take into account speaker information.

Key words Spoken word recognition, adaptation, non-native speech processing, lexical errors

Development of neural discrimination of pitch across speech and music in the first year of life, a mismatch response study

Ao Chen, School of Communication Sciences, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China;b MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour & Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia;c Utrecht Institute of Linguistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

Varghese Peter, MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour & Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia;d School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia

Denis Burnham, MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour & Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia

Abstract This study focuses on the development of neural discrimination of pitch changes in speech and music by English-language adults and 4-, 8- and 12-month-old infants. Speech stimuli were Mandarin Chinese rising and dipping lexical tones and the musical stimuli were three-note melodies with pitch levels based on those of the lexical tones. Mismatch responses were elicited using a non-attentive oddball paradigm. Adults showed mismatch negativity (MMN) responses in both the lexical tone and music conditions. For infants, for the lexical tones, a positive-mismatch response (p-MMR) was observed at 4, 8, and 12 months, whereas for the musical tones, a p-MMR was found for the 4-month-olds, an MMN for the 12-month-olds, and no mismatch response, either positive or negative, for the 8-month-olds. No evidence of cross-domain correlation of the mismatch responses was found. These results suggest domain-specific development of mismatch responses to pitch change in the first year of life.

Key words Mismatch negativity, infant development, lexical tones, musical pitch, neural discrimination

The recognition of spoken pseudowords

Matthew C. Kelley, Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Linguistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Benjamin V. Tucker, Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Abstract Pseudowords are used as stimuli in many psycholinguistic experiments, yet they remain largely under-researched. To better understand the cognitive processing of pseudowords, we analysed the pseudoword responses in the Massive Auditory Lexical Decision megastudy data set. Linguistic characteristics that influence the processing of real English words – namely, phonotactic probability, phonological neighbourhood density, uniqueness point, and morphological complexity – were also found to influence the processing time of spoken pseudowords. Subsequently, we analysed how the linguistic characteristics of non-unique portions of pseudowords influenced processing time. We again found that the named linguistic characteristics affected processing time, highlighting the dynamicity of activation and competition. We argue these findings also speak to learning new words and spoken word recognition generally. We then discuss what aspects of pseudoword recognition a full model of spoken word recognition must account for. We finish with a re-description of the auditory lexical decision task in light of our results.

Key words Phonetics, psycholinguistics, auditory lexical decision, spoken word recognition, pseudowords, mental lexicon

Memory for linguistic features and the focus of attention: evidence from the dynamics of agreement inside DP

Matthew Wagers, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Brian McElree, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Abstract The amount of information that can be concurrently maintained in the focus of attention is strongly restricted. The goal of this study was to test whether this restriction was functionally significant for language comprehension. We examined the time-course dynamics of processing determiner-head agreement in English demonstrative phrases. We found evidence that agreement processing was slowed when determiner and head were no longer adjacent, but separated by modifiers. We argue that some information is shunted nearly immediately from the focus of attention, necessitating its later retrieval. Plural, the marked feature value for number, exhibits better preservation in the focus of attention, however, than the unmarked value, singular.

Key words Language comprehension, grammatical agreement, number, working memory, focus of attention, speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT)

The cognitive processing of tone sandhi in different information structural status during dialogue comprehension

Zilong Zheng, School of Foreign Languages, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China; Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Yu-Fu Chien, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Wenjing Wang, Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China;c Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Zhenghua Zhang, Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Weijun Li, Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China;c Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Abstract Mandarin tone 3 (T3) sandhi is a phonological alternation where a T3 changes to a rising tone when followed by another T3. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined how sandhi words are processed during dialogue comprehension. Following different wh-questions, the answers embedded a sandhi word in which the first syllable was either pronounced as post-sandhi T3, pre-sandhi T3, or mispronounced T4 at the focus or background position. The results showed that the naturalness rating decreased as the amplitude of a late positivity (LPC) increased in the order of post-sandhi, pre-sandhi, and mispronunciation conditions, reflecting a reanalysis process after encountering the unexpected tone. At the background (vs. focus) position, the effect was more posterior for the mispronunciation condition, and disappeared for the pre-sandhi condition. Our data suggest that the processing of sandhi words is not only influenced by their tonal realisation, but also moderated by their information structural status.

Key words  Tone sandhi, focus, background, event-related potentials, wh-question–answer pair

Understanding the role of linguistic distributional knowledge in cognition

Cai Wingfield, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

Louise Connell, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland

Abstract The distributional pattern of words in language forms the basis of linguistic distributional knowledge and contributes to conceptual processing, yet many questions remain regarding its role in cognition. We propose that corpus-based linguistic distributional models can represent a cognitively plausible approach to understanding linguistic distributional knowledge when assumed to represent an essential component of semantics, when trained on corpora representative of human language experience, and when they capture the diverse distributional relations that are useful to cognition. Using an extensive set of cognitive tasks that vary in the complexity of conceptual processing required, we systematically evaluate a wide range of model families, corpora, and parameters, and demonstrate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach for how linguistic distributional knowledge is used across cognition. Rather, linguistic distributional knowledge is a rich source of information about the world that can be accessed flexibly according to the conceptual complexity of the task at hand.

Key words  Conceptual processing, linguistic distributional knowledge, distributional semantics, computational modelling

Planning of prosodic clitics in Australian English

I. Yuen, Department of Linguistics & Language Technology, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany;b Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

K. Demuth, Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

S. Shattuck-Hufnagel, Speech Communication Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Boston, MA, USA

Abstract The prosodic word (PW) has been proposed as a planning unit in speech production (Levelt et al. [1999. A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75]), supported by evidence that speech initiation time (RT) is faster for Dutch utterances with fewer PWs due to cliticisation (with the number of lexical words and syllables kept constant) (Wheeldon & Lahiri [1997. Prosodic units in speech production. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(3), 356–381. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2517], W&L). The present study examined prosodic cliticisation (and resulting RT) for a different set of potential clitics (articles, direct-object pronouns), in English, using a different response task (immediate reading aloud). W&L’s result of shorter RTs for fewer PWs was replicated for articles, but not for pronouns, suggesting a difference in cliticisation for these two function word types. However, a post-hoc analysis of the duration of the verb preceding the clitic suggests that both are cliticised. These findings highlight the importance of supplementing production latency measures with phonetic duration measures to understand different stages of language production during utterance planning.

Key words Prosodic word, prosodic clitics, clitic type, prosodic planning, syntactic planning

Discourse rules: the effects of clause order principles on the reading process

Merel C. J. Scholman, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Liam Blything, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Kate Cain, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Jet Hoek, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands

Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Abstract In an eye-tracking-while-reading study, we investigated adult monolinguals' (N = 80) processing of two-clause sentences embedded in short narratives. Three principles theorised to guide comprehension of complex sentences were contrasted: one operating at the clause level, namely clause structure (main clause – subordinate clause or vice versa), and two operating at the discourse-level, namely givenness (given-new vs. new-given) and event order (chronological vs. reverse order). The results indicate that clause structure mainly affects early stages of processing, whereas the two principles operating at the discourse level are more important during later stages and for reading times of the entire sentence. Event order was found to operate relatively independently of the other principles. Givenness was found to overrule clause structure, a phenomenon that can be related to the grounding function of preposed subordinate clauses. We propose a new principle to reflect this interaction effect: the grounding principle.

Key words  Text comprehension, eye tracking, clause order, discourse, processing

Effects of non-adjacent letter repetition in the same-different matching task

Jonathan Mirault, Aix-Marseille University & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Marseille, France

Stéphanie Massol, Université de Lyon2, Laboratoire d’Études des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Bron, France

Jonathan Grainger, Aix-Marseille University & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Marseille, France

Abstract Effects of non-adjacent character repetition were investigated using the same-different matching task. We compared matching of strings of 5 consonants with matching of 5 symbols in order to distinguish letter-specific mechanisms from generic order encoding mechanisms. Character repetition was found to facilitate “same” responses to both types of stimuli, but crucially the interfering effect of repetition on “different” responses was only significant with letter strings. However, the latter effect only emerged in response times (as well as error rates) when the repetition occurred in the target string as opposed to the reference string. We conclude that inhibitory effects of letter repetition reflect the operation of a letter-specific order encoding mechanism, and that letter repetition in the target string has a greater influence than letter repetition in the reference string when making “different” responses in the same-different matching task.

Key words Reading, orthographic processing, letter order encoding, same-different matching

Locality and attachment preferences in preverbal versus post-verbal Relative Clauses

Miriam Aguilar, Centro de Linguística, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal;b Research Center for Psychological Science (CICPSI), Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Pilar Ferré, Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

José A. Hinojosa, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain;f Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

José M. Gavilán, Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

Josep Demestre, Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

Abstract The universality of locality is a long-standing debate that has endured in psycholinguistics in spite of the challenges. The non-local preference of attachment in Relative Clauses (RCs) with double antecedent (DP1-of-DP2-RC) reported in a subset of languages (i.e. Spanish) represented an important challenge that locality-based accounts had to address. The forces responsible for attachment preferences turned out to be multifactorial, with relevant roles for prosody, referentiality, lexical semantics and Pseudo-Relative availability. In the present eye-tracking study, we explore the timing of disambiguation in Spanish DP1-of-DP2-RC structures placed in preverbal and post-verbal positions, while also controlling for the previously mentioned influencing factors. Our results are straightforward: an early processing cost arises when the RC is disambiguated non-locally, irrespective of the position. The implications of this work contribute to a better understanding of parsing processes and suggest that locality is at the centre of the forces that influence RC attachment.

Key words  Eye-tracking, syntactic ambiguities, parsing principles, locality, relative Clauses

On the nature of implicit causality and consequentiality: the case of psychological verbs

Torgrim Solstad, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Linguistics & Literary Studies, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Oliver Bott, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Linguistics & Literary Studies, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Abstract Implicit Causality (I-Caus) and Implicit Consequentiality (I-Cons) biases (Peter annoyed Mary because/and so …) have been argued to be rooted in the argument structure properties of verbs. In particular, the mirror coreference biases displayed by stimulus-experiencer and experiencer-stimulus predicates have been considered strong evidence for this approach. We provide evidence for the Asymmetry Hypothesis, stating that I-Caus and I-Cons are derived from different mechanisms. While we also assume that I-Caus is driven by verb semantics, we contend that I-Cons follows from general discourse-structural principles. Evidence is provided by four production experiments in German investigating the coreference and coherence properties of the aforementioned verb classes in detail. Experiment 1 establishes that the classes mirror each other with respect to coreference biases. Experiments 2 and 3 show, however, that there is no such symmetry with regard to coherence biases. Finally, Experiment 4 provides fine-grained evidence for the underlying strategies for providing contingency specifications.

Key words Implicit causality, implicit consequentiality, coreference, discourse coherence, language production

期刊简介

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience is aninternational peer-reviewed journal promoting integrated cognitive theoreticalstudies of language and its neural bases.

《语言、认知和神经科学》是一本国际同行评议杂志，旨在促进语言及其神经基础的综合认知理论研究。

The journal takes an interdisciplinaryapproach to the study of brain and language, aiming to integrate excellentcognitive science and neuroscience to answer key questions about the nature oflanguage and cognition in the mind and the brain. 

该期刊采用跨学科的方法研究大脑和语言，旨在整合优秀的认知科学和神经科学，回答有关大脑和大脑中语言和认知本质的关键问题。

It aims to engage researchersand practitioners alike in how to better understand cognitive language function,including:

• Language cognition

• Neuroscience

• Brain and language

它旨在让研究人员和实践者共同参与如何更好地理解认知语言功能，包括：

• 语言认知

• 神经科学

• 大脑与语言

官网地址：

https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/plcp21

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