【顶级期刊创业研究速递】JBV 2019年3月中英文摘要（下）
“I know I can, but I don't fit” Perceived fit, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention
“我知道我可以，但是我不适合”：适宜度感知，自我效能和创业意图
作者：
Dan K. Hsu a,b,, Katrin Burmeister-Lamp ,c, Sharon A. Simmons ,d, Maw-Der Foo ,e, Michelle C. Hong ,f, Jesse D. Pipes ,b
a Department of Management, Miller College of Business, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
b Department of Management, Walker College of Business, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
c EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht, EBS Business School, Strascheg Institute for Innovation, Transformation & Entrepreneurship, 65375 Oestrich-Winkel, Germany
d Department of Global Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Henry W. Bloch School of Management, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
e Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
f Department of Management and Marketing, College of Business, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
摘要：
尽管现有研究通常表明创业者自我效能感与创业意图之间存在正相关关系，几个调节变量也已经被确认以表明关系成立的潜在边界条件。本文引入了创业适宜的感知个体创业精神，并且展示了其在创业者自我效能感与创业意图之间的调节作用。本文进行了三项研究以阐明了随机实验和方法论方法在解决实证结果解释方面的局限性。研究1和2是随机实验来检验因果关系；研究3包含了两个相关性调查，通过检查所提出的效应是否能够承受现实生活中混杂变量的影响来对结果进行三角测量。研究表明，当个体对创业适宜度有强烈的感知时，创业者自我效能强烈地解释了创业意图。相比之下，如果个体仅具有很低的适宜度感知水平或者没有适宜度感知，无论创业者自我效能如何，创业意图将都会处于低水平。
While extant literature generally suggests a positive relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention, several moderators have been identified – suggesting possible boundary conditions on that relationship. This paper introduces perceived person-entrepreneurship fit to entrepreneurship and shows that it moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Three studies are conducted which illuminate the utility of randomized experiments and methodological approaches to address limitations in the interpretation of empirical results. Studies 1 and 2 are randomized experiments to examine causality; Study 3 contains two correlational surveys to triangulate the results by examining whether the proposed effects withstand the influence of confounding variables in real life. The findings indicate that when a strong perception of fit with entrepreneurship is achieved, entrepreneurial intention is strongly predicted by entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In contrast, if one perceives a low level of fit or no fit, entrepreneurial intention will be low, regardless of entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
Entrepreneurial cognition and the quality of new venture ideas An experimental approach to comparing future-oriented cognitive processes
创业者认知与新创企业创意质量：基于比较未来导向认知过程的实验研究
作者：
Arjan J. Frederiks ,a, Basil G. Englis ,b,c, Michel L. Ehrenhard ,c, Aard J. Groen ,a,c
a University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen Centre for Entrepreneurship, P.O. Box 72, 9700AB Groningen, the Netherlands
b Berry College, Campbell School of Business, Department of Management, Marketing and Creative Technologies, 2277 Martha Berry Hwy NW, Mount Berry, GA 30149, United States
c University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Netherlands Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship, P.O.Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
摘要：
在本文的研究中，我们比较了未来导向的认知过程如何支持受访者产生新企业创意（new venture ideas ,NVIs）质量的差异。本文在两个实验中使用面向未来的认知过程。第一组实验表明相比于反事实思维、观点采纳和对照组而言，前瞻性思维导致更高质量的新创企业创意。第二组实验表明相比于反事实思维和对照组，前瞻性思维和观点采纳导致更高质量的新创企业创意。本文的研究还发现有关技术的先前知识加强了这些效应。事后分析表明，当受访者被提示产生NVIs时会出现这些影响，但是当他们自发生成NVIs时，这些影响不存在，并且具有更多先前业务经验的受访者更有可能自发生成NVIs。最后，本文讨论了研究结果对于创业者认知和机会认知的理论与实践的影响。
In the research reported here, we compared how future-oriented cognitive processes underpin differences in the quality of new venture ideas (NVIs) generated by respondents. We primed the use of future-oriented cognitive processes in two experiments. The first experiment shows that prospective thinking leads to NVIs of higher quality in comparison to counterfactual thinking, perspective taking and a control group. The second experiment shows that prospective thinking and perspective taking result in NVIs of higher quality compared to counterfactual thinking and the control group. We also find that prior knowledge of technology strengthens these effects. Post-hoc analyses show that these effects are present when respondents are prompted to generate NVIs, but not when they spontaneously generate NVIs, and that respondents with more prior business experience are more likely to spontaneously generate NVIs. Finally, we discuss contributions our research makes to the literature on entrepreneurial cognition and opportunity recognition, and to practice.
Out of control or right on the money Funder self-efficacy and crowd bias in equity crowdfunding
失控或者正确：资助者自我效能和股权众筹中的群体偏差
作者：
Regan M. Stevenson ,a, Michael P. Ciucht a,b, Chaim Letwin ,c, Jenni M. Dinger ,c, Jeffrey B. Vancouver ,d
a Department of Management & Entrepreneurship, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, 1275 E 10th St. Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
b Department of Marketing, Entrepreneurship, & Innovation, UMASS – Lowell, Robert J. Manning School of Business, One University Ave., Lowell 01854, MA, USA
c Department of Management & Entrepreneurship, Sawyer Business School, Suffolk University, 73 Tremont St., Boston 02108, MA, USA
d Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens 45701, OH, USA
摘要：
本文的研究结果通过强调自我效能可以阻碍而不是提高创业环境中的绩效的机制从而扩展了创业学研究。使用关于股权众筹决策的两个互补性实验研究和一个准实验性实地研究，本文证明自我效能与决策绩效呈负相关。这种关系通过减少搜寻努力来中介传导。本文研究还表明，高自我效能的资助者倾向于表现出“群体偏见”，因此他们过度重视群体的观点，增加了他们投资那些群体所青睐的劣质企业的可能性。本文引入群体偏见一词并探讨其影响，确定群体线索形式的社会指标可以加剧自我效能的负面影响。
Our findings extend the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the mechanism through which self-efficacy can hinder rather than enhance performance in entrepreneurial settings. Using two complementary experimental studies and a third quasi-experimental field study on equity crowdfunding decisions, we demonstrate that self-efficacy is negatively related to decision- making performance. This relationship is mediated by reduced searching effort. Our research also indicates that high self-efficacy funders tend to exhibit a “crowd bias” whereby they over-weight the opinions of the crowd, increasing the likelihood that they will fund poor quality ventures when such ventures are favored by the crowd. We introduce the term crowd bias and explore its effects, establishing that social indicators in the form of crowd cues can exasperate the negative effects of self-efficacy.
Why and how do founding entrepreneurs bond with their ventures Neural correlates of entrepreneurial and parental bonding
创始人为什么以及如何与其所创立的企业联系起来：创业者和父母粘合的关联
作者：
Tom Lahti ,a, Marja-Liisa Halko ,b,c,d, Necmi Karagozoglu ,e, Joakim Wincent ,f,g,h
a Department of Management and Organisation, Hanken School of Economics, P.O. Box 287, 65101 Vaasa, Finland
b Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
c Department of Economics, Aalto University School of Business, Finland
d Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Finland
e College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento, United States
f Department of Management and Organization, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland
g Entrepreneurship and Innovation, University of St Gallen, Switzerland
h Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
摘要：
本文探讨了新创企业创始人为何以及如何与他们所创立的企业联系起来。我们在42名受试者（21名创业者和21名父母）的功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）研究中开发并测试了关于粘合性质的理论。本文发现创业者和父母表现出类似情感联系的迹象；自信心在粘合风格中发挥作用；创业者将自己的企业纳入自我的程度以及父母将自己的孩子纳入自我的程度会影响他们进行批判性评估的能力。我们的研究结果表明，对于创业者相比父母而言粘合性质是相似的；企业刺激会影响与创业者判断力相关的奖励制度，自我调节功能以及心理因素。
This paper investigates why and how founding entrepreneurs bond with their ventures. We develop and test theory about the nature of bonding in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of 42 subjects (21 entrepreneurs and 21 parents). We find that entrepreneurs and parents show similar signs of affective bonding, that self-confidence plays a role in bonding style, and that the degree to which entrepreneurs include their ventures in the self and to which parents include their child in the self influences their ability to make critical assessments. Our findings suggest that bonding is similar for entrepreneurs and parents and that venture stimuli influence reward systems, self-regulatory functions, and mental factors that are associated with judgment.
Discounted: The effect of founder race on the price of new products
折价：创始人种族对新产品价格的影响
作者：
Peter Younkin ,a, Venkat Kuppuswamy ,b
a Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Canada
b Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
摘要：
在本文中，我们拓展了消费者偏见理论来解释创业绩效。特别地，我们考虑了少数族裔创业者是否受到价格折价的影响，即潜在消费者使用创始人的种族来确定他们所愿意为产品支付的价格，该方式会对少数族裔创始人产生负面影响。我们使用三个实验来模拟众筹平台上的销售，以提供证据表明在保持重要的创始人和产品特征不变之后，潜在消费者预期为回黑人创始人的产品价格支付更低的价格。更重要的是，本文还表明这种折价效应受到产品或创始人的不确定程度的强烈影响，因此可以通过创始人的主动作为来减少该惩罚性折价。
本文的关键贡献在于识别出了少数族裔创始人面临的第二种偏见来源：消费者对其产品价格的偏见。但是重要的是，少数族裔创始人应意识到消费者偏见主要是由于创始人“适合性”或产品典型价格这两个因素存在不确定性。因此，如果创始人向消费者表明他们是多么努力进取，并且他们的产品是针对广大受众（而不仅仅是针对其他少数族裔），或者如果他们以相对固定的价格在市场中运营，他们可以减少偏见程度（并增加他们的收入）。这些调查结果表明，众筹可以为少数族裔创始人提供体验更公平竞争环境的方式，但要做到这一点，他们必须积极主动地解决消费者的担忧。
In this article, we extend the theory of consumer bias to explain entrepreneurial outcomes. Specifically, we consider whether minority founders are subject to price discounting, where prospective consumers use a founder's ethnicity to determine the price they would pay for a product in a way that negatively affects minority founders. We use three experiments simulating sales on a crowdfunding platform to provide evidence that prospective consumers anticipate lower prices for products from black founders, after holding important founder and product characteristics constant. Importantly, we also show that this discounting effect is strongly influenced by the degree of uncertainty around either the product or the founder, and therefore the penalty can be reduced through founder proactivity.
A key contribution of our article is in identifying a second source of bias faced by minority founders: consumer bias with respect to the price of their products. However, it is important that minority founders be aware that we also find that consumer bias is largely motivated by uncertainty around the founder's “fitness” or a typical price for the product. As a result, we show that founders can reduce the degree of bias (and increase their revenue) if they signal to the consumers how hard they work and that their product is intended for a wide audience (and not solely for other minorities), or if they operate in markets with relatively fixed prices. These findings suggest that crowdfunding can offer minority founders a means to experience a more level playing field, but that to do so they must proactively address consumer concerns.
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作者：刘志阳，系上海财经大学商学院副院长、创业学院执行副院长、中国社会创业研究中心主任
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