转载分享 | 李富强：汉语“有+VP”结构中“有”的句法制图研究
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《理论语言学五道口站》（2021年第7期，总第141期）转载分享博士论文《汉语“有+VP”结构中“有”的句法制图研究》的摘要部分，作者为北京语言大学语言学系博士毕业生、中国科学院大学外语系讲师李富强。
文章转载自公众号：形式语言学研究。
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人物简介
李富强博士
李富强博士，中国科学院大学外语系讲师。毕业于北京语言大学语言学系，师从司富珍教授。目前已在《外语教学与研究》、《语言学研究》等期刊发表学术论文。
他的博士学位论文采用句法制图理论对汉语“有+VP”结构中的“有”进行了详细的描述。研究兴趣包括句法-语用接口、英汉对比研究等。
Dr. Fuqiang Li is lecturer at Department of Foreign Languages, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. He graduated from Department of Linguistics, Beijing Language and Culture University, supervised by Prof. Fuzhen Si. He has published several academic papers in Foreign Language Teaching and Research, Linguistic Research, and other journals.
His dissertation is a cartographic study of you in “you + VP” construction in Chinese. His main research interests include syntax-pragmatic interface, English-Chinese comparison, etc.
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博士论文（2020）
汉语“有+VP”结构中
“有”的句法制图研究
李富强
北京语言大学
导师：司富珍教授
摘要：
论文主要研究了汉语“有+VP”结构中“有”的句法表现。以往生成语法研究大多认为“有”具有多种特征，在句法投射中处于中心语节点I的位置。研究发现，当“有”被用作助动词时，它只带有[+完成]（[+perf(ective)]）特征和[+肯定]（[+aff(irmative)]）特征，并且拼出于AffP的中心语位置，处于TP与VP之间。
句法制图研究遵守“一个特征，一个中心语”和“局部简约性”的原则，即每一个特征都有自己的最大投射，并且在其辖域内遵循句法简约的特征。也就是说，特征和句法投射之间的关系是“一对一”的。通过回顾前人关于“有+VP”结构的研究并联系句法制图理论的原则，研究发现，以往对“有”的特征和句法投射之间关系的讨论存在悖论，文献中提到“有”具有不同的特征，比如，[+完成]、[+过去]、[+焦点]等，然而其句法投射却习惯性地被定位于I（黄正德 1988等）。也就是说，“有”的特征与其句法投射处于“多对一”的关系，这与句法制图的基本原则背道而驰。
据此，论文就如下的研究问题进行了讨论：
1）“有+VP”结构中的“有”真的具有[+完成]、[+过去]、[+焦点]等特征吗？
2）如果严格遵守句法制图的原则，“有+VP”结构中的“有”的句法位置又是什么？
为了解释这两个问题，我们对文献中关于“有”的研究进行了详尽的调查，包括普通话中的“有”和一些方言中的“有”；并采用不同的测试方法对文献中提到的特征进行验证。结果显示，“有+VP”结构中的“有”只具有两种特征，即[+完成]（[+Perf]）特征和[+肯定]（[+Aff]）特征，处于TP > AffP > PerfP > VP的相对句法位置。除此之外，对应于英语中的do-支持（do-support）假说，并根据“有”出现的要求及其功能，我们提出了汉语的“有-支持（you-support）”假说。
为了能够详细地、准确地将“有”的句法表现描述清楚，并在黄正德（1988）的基础之上对IP进行分裂研究，根据“有”的特征以及前人的见解，我们对“有”进行了句法分析。研究发现，“有”拼出于AffP的投射之下，带有[+Aff, +Perf]的特征。除此之外，“有”被视为具有两种特征的综合体，拼出于短语层的语素；并在与其他完成体标记共现时，突显不同的特征。
考虑到“有”和“是”之间的相似性，在讨论“有”时，不可避免地要讨论汉语的“是”。因此，根据第三章对“有”的句法分析，我们对汉语中出现在VP前和TP前的“是”，或者说中间（medial）“是”和句首（initial）“是”（Paul & Whitman 2008）进行了句法分析。研究表明，汉语中的“是”也具有两种特征，即[+肯定]特征和[+对比]（[+con(trastive)]）特征。具体来说，中间“是”具有[+肯定]特征，句首“是”则同时带有两种特征。从句法的角度来看，中间“是”处于Aff⁰的节点之下，低于TP。句首“是”则是基础生成于Aff⁰的节点之下，然后移位到了左缘结构中FocP的投射之下。但是，由于汉语焦点的特殊语序限制，“是”不能在此停留，需要再次移位到更高的功能性投射之下，即FP。
同时，本文对“是”和“有”共现时的句法表现进行了描述。通过对比二者在语义上的差异，我们提出，在汉语句法树上存在一个表示肯定的区域（zone），包括AffPshi 和AffPyou，且“是”高于“有”。
关键词：“有”，[+完成]特征，[+肯定]特征，句法制图，“是”
A cartographic study of Chinese “you” in “you + VP” construction
LI Fuqiang
Beijing Language and Culture University
Supervisor：Prof. SI Fuzhen
Abstract:
This dissertation is dealing with the syntactic characterization of you (有lit. have) in “you + VP” construction in Chinese. Previous work has assumed Chinese you is with various features, and it is spelt out at a head position, more specifically, under the syntactic node of I. The present analysis argues instead that Chinese you, when used as an auxiliary, conveys only two features, namely, [+perf(ective)] feature and [+aff(irmative)] feature, and you in “you + VP” construction is spelt out at the phrasal lever under AffP.
More specifically, syntactic cartography promotes the principles of “one feature, one head (OFOH)” and “local simplicity,” which indicate each feature should have its syntactic projection and be locally simple, namely, a one (feature)-to-one (syntactic projection) relation. By observing the work on you in “you + VP” construction in Chinese, a paradox is spotted. Previous work claim that you may convey various readings or have some bearing upon different features, for instance, [+perfective], [+past], [+focus] and other features, while syntactically speaking, it is positioned under the node of I in Huang (1988), among others. In this sense, you is in a more (features)-to-one (syntactic projection) relation, which goes the opposite way with cartography.
Concerning the language facts and the paradox, two main research questions rise, that is,
1) Does you really possess these features, i.e. [+perfective], [+past], [+focus]?
2) Where is the syntactic position of you, if cartography is strictly followed?
In order to address these two main questions, a thorough investigation of you in literature is conducted, including you used in Mandarin and some dialects in China. Various testing methods are adopted to verify or to eliminate those features mentioned or discussed in the literature. The result shows that you only conveys two features, namely, [+perfective] feature and [+affirmative] feature, with the relative order of TP > AffP > PerfP > VP. In the light of the analysis of do-support in English, a you-support hypothesis in Chinese is suggested according to the functions proved.
As the primary purposes of this thesis are to draw syntactic maps of you in “you + VP” construction in Chinese as precise as detailed as possible and to split the inflectional phrase (IP) based on Huang (1988), a syntactic analysis of you, based on its features as well as some insights from previous analysis, is suggested. It shows that you is spelled out under the projection of AffP, with the feature of [+Aff, +Perf]. Besides, you is a phrasal-level spell-out morph with a combination of features, and these two features show different prominence when another perfective marker occurs.
When you is addressed, it is inevitable to share several pages with Chinese shi (是lit. be), considering the similarities between them. As such, in line with the general proposal on you in “you + VP” construction, a cartographic attempt is applied to shi followed by a VP, as well as shi existing before a whole TP chunk, or the medial shi and the initial shi in Paul & Whitman’s (2008) term. The analysis shows that shi also conveys two features: [+affirmative] feature and [+contrastive] feature. More precisely, the medial shi is with the [+affirmative] feature, while the initial shi conveys both. Syntactically speaking, the medial shi is under the node of Aff⁰, which is lower than TP. The initial shi, however, is base-generated under the node of Aff⁰, and then moves to FocP in the left periphery, where it cannot stay in situ as a result of the striking surface order requirement in Chinese, as such, it needs to undergo a further movement to a higher projection, FP.
A further phenomenon addressed in this thesis is the fact that shi and you can co-occur in one sentence. By comparing the meanings they convey, an affirmation zone in the syntactic tree is suggested, namely, AffPshi and AffPyou, with the syntactic order of AffPshi > AffPyou.
Keywords: you, [+perfective] feature, [+affirmative] feature, syntactic cartography, shi
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文章来源：形式语言学研究
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