从小到大，父母、老师、身边的长辈，都会经常语重心长地告诉我们，“你要好好用功”，“一分耕耘，一分收获”，“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲”，“天道酬勤”......于是，我们也都很听话的用功学习着，可是随着时间的流逝，我们会发现身边总会有那么几个同学特别厉害，学什么都很快，于是我们羡慕嫉妒恨；同时，我们也会发现身边还有那么一些同学，看起来比谁都勤奋，可是成绩依然平平......我们困惑，但我们找不出原因，也就自然而然的接受了大人口中的“人家是天才”，或者“他们肯定是还不够用功”的说法......

直到这一刻，才算是真正的醍醐灌顶，原来成功是需要“刻意练习”的，无的放矢的瞎勤奋，只会像“无头苍蝇”似的瞎忙活，各种不得闲，到最后却见不到任何成效（要么就是成效很低）。

作者梳理了很多“刻意练习”的特点，比如要有清晰可衡量可分解的目标，要有技巧有方法，还要我们全身心投入，要专注，要敢于走出舒适区，要积极主动的在“学习区”求进步，要有结果的反馈，最好还要有个好老师教你......这些道理其实我们也都懂，可我们就缺了那根筋，没能想到将所有这些都串在一起形成一个系统：刻意练习。

古典的新书《跃迁》里，将“只看到事物，看不到事物背后的系统” 的人，称为现代社会的三季人。（三季人，源自孔子与弟子的对话，见下图）

（图片来源：古典新书《跃迁》）

而刻意练习的目的，就是让我们能更高效的成长，逐级而上，“站得高，看得远”，方能 “既见树木，又见森林”。

本书的后面几个章节会具体介绍如何将刻意练习运用到实际工作、生活中，一起期待。

So far, we have finally gotten the general idea of deliberate practice, whose main purpose is to develop our effective mental representations. And, as we learned from the book, mental representations also in turn play a key role in deliberate practice. 

Deliberate practice is purposeful practice that knows where it is going and how to get there, while purposeful practice requires us to get outside our comfort zone, to be focused on our well-defined and actionable goals, and to maintain our motivation from instant but also effective feedbacks.

Moreover, deliberate practice also requires us to have a teacher or coach who is familiar with the effective training techniques from the expert performers in the field. And the field itself must have a highly developed set of skills that are available to be taught. Only this can we get the most benefits from deliberate practice.

In addition, the authors have criticized that "the ten-thousand-hour rule", created by Malcolm Gladwell in his best-seller book Outliers, was partially wrong. The "ten-thousand-hour" is only a nice round number to remember, because the effective practice hours required to be an expert performaner vary from field to field. It was simply interpreted as a promise that almost anyone can become an expert in a given field as long as he/she is putting in ten thousans hours of practice. 

Therefore, the truth is that how further improvements we will reach is up to how many hours we put in deliberate practice.

To see how this works, I’ll borrow one of Sanders’s medical mysteries—one that only a handful of readers solved correctly, out of more than two hundred who sent in answers.

a handful of something, 我的理解是一只手可以数的过来的，所以表示“少量的，一小部分”, a very small number of people or things.

例句：There were a handful of men in the audience when I saw the film.

仿造句：Only a hanful of children can get the rewards.

需注意，be a handful，后面不加 of, 是表示“棘手，不好控制” 的意思，[informal], someone, especially a child, who is a handful = is difficult to control. 传说中的“熊孩子” 。

例句：She’s a lovely child, but she can be a bit of a handful sometimes.

......so to have an apples-to-apples comparison, we looked at the accumulated amount of practice through age seventeen and the skill level at age eighteen.

apples-to-apples comparison, 从字面上看，拿苹果和苹果对比，不难理解为是“同类之间的对比”，be used to describe a comparison between two things that are similar in nature.

此外，还有一个类似的表达：apples-to-oranges comparison，苹果和橘子比，言外之意就是两者之间没有可比性，硬要对比的话就很荒谬了. A comparison that is unfair because the subjects cannot be evaluated according to the same criteria.

趣味延伸，apples to apples，最初指的是一种4-10人之间玩的纸牌游戏。324张“红苹果”牌上印的是名词，108张“绿苹果”牌上是形容词，具体玩法是，选出一张“绿苹果”形容词牌，看哪个人手中拿的“红苹果”名词牌，能够match到最多，谁就赢了。（有点意思哈）

The object of the game is to win the most rounds by playing a "red apple" card (324，which generally features a noun) from one's hand to best "match" that round's communal "green apple" card (108，which contains an adjective) as chosen by that round's judging player. The game is designed for four to ten players and played for 30–75 minutes.

Thus a good rule of thumb is to seek out people who work intimately with many other professionals, such as ......

rule of thumb, a rough figure or method of doing something that is based on experience and common sense rather than exact calculation，意思是“根据实验结果或者经验得出的大概结论”.

例句：A good rule of thumb for keeping your closet organized is to get rid of any clothes you haven't worn in the past year.

仿造句：My friends told me that I should tip bellmen $1 per bag, as a rule of thumb.

......Gladwell offered a catchy phrase: "the ten-thousand-hour rule."

catchy, 形容词，意思是“引人注意的，容易记住的”，appealing and easy to remember；例如，catchy title，吸睛的标题；

所以 catchy phrase 指的是“朗朗上口的经典语句，流行语”，a short well-known phrase made popular by an entertainer or politician, so that people think of that person when they hear it.

仿造句：There are so many catchy phrases hidden in this book.

Previous Notes for Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise:

Notes | D08-刻意练习-Peak: The Gold Standard（2/2）

Notes | D07-刻意练习-Peak: The Gold Standard（1/2）

Notes | D06-刻意练习-Peak: Mental Representations（2/2）

Notes | D05-刻意练习-Peak: Mental Representations（1/2）

W1 Summary-刻意练习-Peak: Ch1 & Ch2

Notes | D04-刻意练习-Peak: Harnessing Adaptability（II）

Notes | D03-刻意练习-Peak: Harnessing Adaptability（I）

Notes | D02-刻意练习-Peak: Purposeful Practice

Notes | D01-刻意练习-Peak: Purposeful Practice