中国范儿 81 马家窑彩陶：历史赋予的文化瑰宝

2019年3月23日，在习近平主席访意期间，古朴的马家窑文化彩绘红陶罐、昂首嘶鸣的唐代彩绘骆驼、憨厚可爱的汉代陶猪俑……文物们被逐个编上号码，列入“回家”的队列。这次意大利返还的796件套文物，远抵新石器时代，近至明清民国时期，历史跨度长达5000多年。这么多珍贵文物，历经漫长的“流浪”岁月，在各方的共同努力下，终于回家。

When President Xi Jinping was making his visit in Italy on March 23, 2019, a list of ancient artifacts was coded and waiting for the journey back home to China. The plain and elegant painted potteries of Majiayao cultural relics, the painted braying camel pottery of the Tang Dynasty, and the adorable pig-shaped pottery of the Han Dynasty are on the top of the list. The 796 ancient artifacts that Italy decided to return to China cover a history of more than 5000 years, from the Neolithic period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the period of the Republic of China. All these cultural treasures are about to embark on their way back home after so many years of being homeless, thanks to the efforts from all sides.

在这796件文物中马家窑文化红陶罐是彩陶代表性作品。彩陶，是指在打磨光滑的橙红色陶坯上，以天然的矿物质颜料进行描绘，用赭石和氧化锰作呈色元素，然后入窑烧制。在橙红色的胎体上呈现出赭红、黑、白诸种颜色的美丽图案，形成纹样与器物造型高度统一，达到装饰美化效果的陶器。

Among the 796 ancient artifacts, the red potteries of Majiayao cultural relics stand out as the representatives of ancient painted pottery culture. To make painted potteries, one has to polish a tangerine-colored earth body first, then paint the body by using such natural minerals like ochre and manganese oxide, and finally put the painted body into a kiln for baking. In the end, a gorgeous pottery came into being: its tangerine-colored body is dotted with beautiful red, black and white patterns, which are highly harmonious with the shape of the pottery.

在距今约10000年前的新石器时代，人类随着相对定居的农耕文化发明了烧陶技术。彩陶在8000年前诞生。大约在公元前3300年-前2100年，马家窑文化异军突起，达到了世界远古彩陶史的顶峰，创造了人类最辉煌的彩陶文化。

During the Neolithic period about 10,000 years ago, people learnt the pottery-making skills, thanks to the emergence of sedentary agriculture. Painted potteries first appeared around 8000 years ago. During the period between 3300 and 2100 b.c., Majiayao culture emerged and later reached the apex of ancient painted pottery culture. It represents the most amazing painted pottery culture in human history.

马家窑文化是黄河上游地区新石器时代晚期文化，因最先发现于甘肃临洮马家窑而得名，马家窑文化制陶工艺很成熟，人们日常生活使用大量精美的陶器。器物有碗、盆、瓶、罐、钵等，多用粗壮的黑线构成繁缛的花纹，纹样多达几十种，代表了当时人们的审美。

Majiayao culture is an example of the late Neolithic culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It was discovered in Majiayao, Lintao City of China’s Gansu Province. This is how Majiayao culture got its name. One component of the Majiayao culture is the sophisticated pottery-making skills. People at that time used large amounts of fine potteries in their daily life, including bowls, basins, bottles, jars, and plates etc. Most of these potteries were decorated with complex lace patterns in thick dark lines, often numbering in the dozens, reflecting the aesthetic taste of the people of the time.

仅这次回归中国的几件代表文物，就能牵出一段又一段无法复制的历史。对于每一个国家和民族来说，文物本身就是文化的根脉和灵魂。优美而古朴的彩陶，堪称中华民族远古文化的瑰宝。几千年来，随着制陶技术的不断发展，出现了各式的陶瓷艺术品，它们通过丝绸之路走向了世界，被更多人所熟知。而如今，彩陶不仅是文化传承的象征，更作为生活家居的艺术品走进了普通人的生活。

Several highly-cherished artifacts that Italy decided to return to China this time will bring us back to certain histories of China, the histories that will never repeat themselves. For a country or a nation, artifacts are the root and soul of its culture. These plain and elegant painted potteries are the cherished assets in the prehistoric cultures of the Chinese nation. Thanks to the consistent development of pottery-making skills in thousands of years, China has produced a large variety of pottery artwork. They reached other parts of the globe through the Silk Road and became well known to the outside world. Today, painted potteries are not only a cultural heritage but also the artwork that are enriching our daily life.

来源：中国网

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