Language Cognition and Neuroscience

Volume 38, Issue 8-10, June 2023

LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE（SSCI一区，2022 IF：2.3，排名：43/194）2023年第8-10期共发文28篇，内容以研究性论文为主，论文内容涉及Language production，linearisation，discourse production，scene semantics，eye movements，Cognitive control，spoken word production，congruency sequence effect‌，prepotent conflict，underdetermined conflict‌等语言问题。欢迎转发扩散！（2023年已更完）

往期推荐：

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2023年第1期-第7期

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第7期-第10期

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第3期-第6期

刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语言、认知与神经科学》2022年第2期

目录

ARTICLES

Issue 8

■ Speakers prioritise affordance-based object semantics in scene descriptions, by M. Barker, G. Rehrig & F. Ferreira, Pages 1045-1067.

■ Frame-shifting instead of incongruity is necessary for pun comprehension: evidence from an ERP study on Chinese homophone puns, by Wei Zheng & Xiaolu Wang, Pages 1068-1081.

■ Role of cognitive control in resolving two types of conflict during spoken word production, by Mara Steinberg Lowe & Adam Buchwald, Pages 1082-1097.

■ The MMN by another name? Exploring the autonomy of the Phonological Mapping (Mismatch) Negativity, by Jen Lewendon, James Britton & Stephen Politzer-Ahles, Pages 1098-1114.

■ When does speech planning rely on motor routines? ERP comparison of speech and non-speech from childhood to adulthood, by M. Lancheros, T. Atanasova & M. Laganaro, Pages 1115-1132.

■ Modulation of working memory capacity on predictive processing during language comprehension, by Jinfeng Ding, Yuping Zhang, Panpan Liang & Xiaoqing Li, Pages 1133-1152.

■ Auditory processing of interlingual homophones: an fNIRS investigation, by Murat Can Mutlu, Reşit Canbeyli & Hale Saybaşılı, Pages 1153-1166.

■ Does linear position matter for morphological processing? Evidence from a Tagalog masked priming experiment, by Dave Kenneth Tayao Cayado, Samantha Wray & Linnaea Stockall, Pages 1167-1182.

Issue 9

■ Planning multiple dependencies in sentence production, by Shota Momma & Masaya Yoshida, Pages 1183-1213.

■ Rapid prediction of verbs based on pronoun interpretation is modulated by individual differences in pronoun processing, by Jeffrey J. Green, Pages 1214-1236 .

■ Impaired morphological processing: insights from multiple sclerosis, by Sami Boudelaa,Said Boujraf,Faouzi Belahcen,Mohamed Ben Zagmout &Ausaf Farooqui, Pages 1237–1250.

■ Individual differences in the auditory processing of morpho-phonological and semantic cues, by Julia Schwarz, Mirjana Bozic & Brechtje Post, Pages 1251–1267.

■Long-term sport experience influences general action-related lexical semantic processing: ERP evidence, by Ruohan Chang & Jinfeng Ding, Pages 1268-1281.

■ Neural mechanisms of event visibility in sign languages, by Julia Krebs, Ronnie B. Wilbur, Dietmar Roehm & Evie Malaia, Pages 1282–1301.

■ How the brain processes emotional meaning of indirect reply: evidence from EEG, by Xinyu Guo, Xiaoqing Li & Yufang Yang, Pages 1302–1317.

■ Illusions of plausibility in adjuncts and co-ordination, by Ian Cunnings & Patrick Sturt, Pages 1318–1337.

Issue 10

Introduction

■ Introduction to the special issue: Affective neurolinguistics: understanding the interaction of emotion and language in the brain, by José A. Hinojosa, Cornelia Herbert & Johanna Kissler, Pages 1339-1347.

Regular Articles

■ ERP signatures of pseudowords’ acquired emotional connotations of disgust and sadness, by Beixian Gu, Bo Liu, Huili Wang, Manuel de Vega & David Beltrán, Pages 1348–1364.

■ Effects of unilateral anteromedial temporal lobe resections on event-related potentials when reading negative and neutral words, by Johanna Kissler, Malena Mielke, Lea Marie Reisch, Sebastian Schindler & Christian G. Bien, Pages 1365–1380.

■ Early, emotional and embodied? Processing of emotional words and body words in the native and a second language – evidence from early event-related brain potential modulation and rapid serial visual presentation, by Cornelia Herbert, Pages 1384–1411.

■  The neural mechanisms of explicit and implicit processing of Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words: evidence from emotional categorisation and emotional Stroop tasks, by Jia Liu, Lin Fan, Lingyun Tian, Chi Li & Wangshu Feng, Pages 1412-1429.

■ Interactions of ignored and attended valence in a valence-detection task with emotional words support the model of evaluative space: an ERP study, by Henning Gibbons, Jonas Schmuck & Hannah Kirsten, Pages 1430–1450.

■ I hates Mondays: ERP effects of emotion on person agreement, by Claudia Poch, Teresa Diéguez-Risco, Natalia Martínez-García, Pilar Ferré & José A. Hinojosa, Pages 1451–1462.

■Does pleasantness affect the grammatical brain? An ERP study on individual differences, by I. Padrón, I. Fraga, C. Poch, L. Vieitez & J. A. Hinojosa, Pages 1463–1477.

■ How the speaker’s emotional facial expressions may affect language comprehension, by David Hernández-Gutiérrez, Francisco Muñoz, Zahra Khosrowtaj, Werner Sommer, Laura Jiménez-Ortega, Rasha Abdel Rahman, José Sánchez-García, Pilar Casado, Sabela Fondevila, Javier Espuny & Manuel Martín-Loeches, Pages 1478–1491.

■ Speakers' emotional facial expressions modulate subsequent multi-modal language processing: ERP evidence, by Katja Maquate, Johanna Kissler & Pia Knoeferle, Pages 1492–1513.

■ Affect as Anaesthetic: how emotional contexts modulate the processing of counterintuitive concepts, by Sabrina Aristei, Christine A. Knoop, Oliver Lubrich, Thomas Nehrlich, Alexander Enge, Kirsten Stark, Werner Sommer & Rasha Abdel Rahman, Pages 1514-1530.

■ Moving thoughts: emotion concepts from the perspective of context dependent embodied simulation, by Piotr Winkielman, Joshua D. Davis & Seana Coulson, Pages 1531-1553.

摘要

Speakers prioritise affordance-based object semantics in scene descriptions

M. Barker, G. Rehrig & F. Ferreira, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Abstract This work investigates the linearisation strategies used by speakers when describing real-world scenes to better understand production plans for multi-utterance sequences. In this study, 30 participants described real-world scenes aloud. To investigate which semantic features of scenes predict order of mention, we quantified three features (meaning, graspability, and interactability) using two techniques (whole-object ratings and feature map values). We found that object-level semantic features, namely those affordance-based, predicted order of mention in a scene description task. Our findings provide the first evidence for an object-related semantic feature that guides linguistic ordering decisions and offers theoretical support for the role of object semantics in scene viewing and description.

Key words Language production，linearisation，discourse production，scene semantics，eye movements

Frame-shifting instead of incongruity is necessary for pun comprehension: evidence from an ERP study on Chinese homophone puns

Wei Zheng，a School of Foreign Languages, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China

Xiaolu Wang, b School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China;c School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China;d School of Humanities & Communication Arts, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia

AbstractRecent psycholinguistic research has made significant progress in understanding the meaning-access process during pun comprehension. However, to date, little research has directly investigated how the two retrieved meanings are integrated into the pun context afterwards. In the current ERP study, we examined this process by comparing homophone puns with two control conditions. Different from previous ERP studies on jokes, we did not observe significantly enhanced N400 amplitudes (300-500 ms) in the pun condition, indicating no apparent detection of incongruity. However, we observed a sustained positivity around the left anterior regions (500-900 ms) and enhanced LPC amplitudes around the central-parietal regions (600-900 ms). These two components could index the sudden access to the second meaning and the additional integration operations to establish a new cognitive model respectively. These findings were compatible with the Space Structure Model, which emphasises the frame-shifting process as a crucial element for understanding verbal humour.

Key words Frame-shifting，space structure model，incongruity，homophone puns，ERP study

Role of cognitive control in resolving two types of conflict during spoken word production

Mara Steinberg Lowe，a Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA

Adam Buchwald, b Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Abstract A theoretically- and clinically-important issue for understanding word retrieval is how speakers resolve conflict during linguistic tasks. This study investigated two types of conflict resolution: prepotent conflict, when one dominant incorrect response must be suppressed; and underdetermined conflict, when multiple reasonable responses compete. The congruency sequence effect paradigm was used to assess trial-to-trial changes in reaction time and accuracy during word production tasks with either prepotent or underdetermined conflict. Pictures were named faster on trials with low-conflict as compared to high-conflict regardless of conflict type. This effect was modulated by the amount of conflict experienced on the previous trial for both tasks. These results suggest that resolution of underdetermined and prepotent conflict may engage the same general cognitive mechanism. This work expands our understanding of the relationship between cognitive control and word production and can inform clinical approaches for people with anomia.

Key words Cognitive control，spoken word production，congruency sequence effect‌，prepotent conflict，underdetermined conflict‌

The MMN by another name? Exploring the autonomy of the Phonological Mapping (Mismatch) Negativity

Jen Lewendon, James Britton & Stephen Politzer-Ahles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

AbstractThe Phonological Mapping Negativity (PMN) is an event-related potential component thought to index pre-lexical phonological processing. The response has long been considered distinct from the temporally-proximate Mismatch Negativity (MMN) – a distinction that primarily rests on the assumption that the PMN, unlike the MMN, cannot be elicited in inattentive contexts, thus implying differing underlying auditory-cortex mechanisms. Despite this, no study to date has established whether elicitation of an inattentive PMN response is possible. Here, we tested this assumption in two experiments during which participants heard phonological mismatches whilst engaging in a distractor task (experiment 1) or watching a film (experiment 2). Our results showed no consistent evidence for an inattentive PMN. Though attention may indeed serve to distinguish the two components, our results highlight consistent discrepancies in the temporal, topographical, and functional characteristics of the PMN that undermine efforts to establish its significance in the electrophysiological timeline of speech processing.

Key words Event-related potentials，PMN，MMN，language，speech processing

When does speech planning rely on motor routines? ERP comparison of speech and non-speech from childhood to adulthood

M. Lancheros, T. Atanasova & M. Laganaro, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

AbstractSpeech is an extensively overlearned oromotor behaviour that becomes more automatised over the years due to the storage of their motor routines. To determine when this storage occurs in development, the EEG/ERP spatiotemporal dynamics underlying speech-motor planning were investigated in three groups: children, adolescents and adults. The production of speech was contrasted to sounded non-speech gestures that use the same effectors as speech but are not as frequently trained. Non-speech motor codes are assumed to be individually planned on the go, instead of being stored as motor routines. Neural results revealed a gradual differentiation between speech and non-speech motor planning with age: while ERPs did not differ in children, adolescents and adults showed gradually increasing differences in amplitudes and in topographies between speech and non-speech. This suggest that the speech motor code storage is not completely established yet in 7–9-year-old children but later during development, in early adolescence.

Key words Speech motor planning，speech production，speech development，non-speech，evoked potentials

Modulation of working memory capacity on predictive processing during language comprehension

Jinfeng Ding1, Yuping Zhang2, Panpan Liang3 & Xiaoqing Li4

134 a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China;b Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

2 c Military Psychology Teaching and Research Section, Officers college of PAP, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

AbstractAmple evidence has shown facilitations of context-based prediction on language comprehension. However, the influential effect of working memory capacity on this predictive processing remains debated. To investigate this issue with the electroencephalograph technique, high and low working memory capacity participants read strong-, moderate- and weak-constraint sentences which resulted in high-, moderate- and low-predictability for the critical nouns. The strong-constraint (vs. weak-constraint) contexts preceding the nouns elicited a larger positive deflection, which was only observed for the high-span group. Along with the smaller N400s for strong- vs. weak-predictable nouns for both groups, the moderately predictable nouns elicited smaller N400 than the weakly predictable nouns for the high-span group. The ERP effects at both verbs and nouns correlated significantly with the noun’s predictability. These findings suggest that predictive processing involves at least partially an effortful-meaning-computation mechanism, and high working memory capacity facilitates the activation and integration of predicted information during language comprehension.

Key words Working memory，anticipatory processing，predictive integration，language comprehension

Auditory processing of interlingual homophones: an fNIRS investigation

Murat Can Mutlu, Reşit Canbeyli & Hale Saybaşılı, a Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

AbstractTo examine the neural dynamics of interlingual homophone (ILHP) word processing, we created a word list consisting of Turkish control and Turkish/English ILHP words and asked native Turkish speakers to perform one of the following tasks while their prefrontal activity was recorded with fNIRS: passive listening; word recognition; word memorisation. We found that left DLPFC was active during all tasks. The right DLPFC activity was increased during ILHP word recognition task possibly due to domain-general control networks for conflict monitoring, while the left DLPFC activity was increased for ILHP word memorisation task possibly due to the working memory related processes. These findings suggest that ILHP processing induce a competition between languages in the brain, supporting the BIA+ model and that right DLPFC could be part of the task/decision system of BIA+ model. Lastly, current findings suggest that task requirements can modulate the location and the magnitude of the brain activity.

Key words fNIRS，interlingual homophone，DLPFC，language，bilingualism

Does linear position matter for morphological processing? Evidence from a Tagalog masked priming experiment

Dave Kenneth Tayao Cayado1, Samantha Wray2 & Linnaea Stockall3

13 a Department of Linguistics, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

2 b Department of Linguistics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA

AbstractThis study investigated morphological decomposition of Tagalog infixed, prefixed, and suffixed words using the masked priming paradigm. We directly compared morphological priming of <in> infixed, ni- prefixed and -in suffixed words to examine whether infixes are processed similarly to other affixes during early and automatic decomposition. We found significant priming effects for infixed, prefixed, and suffixed words, but no semantic or orthographic similarity priming. Magnitudes of priming effects for infixed and prefixed words were not significantly different, suggesting that decomposition of infixed words was not more costly for Tagalog speakers, contrary to phonological readjustment-based accounts of infixation. This is the first psycholinguistic experiment showing that infixed words are decomposed into morphological units during visual word recognition. We provide evidence that the imperfect edge-alignment of the stem within infixed words does not hamper the early morphological decomposition mechanisms, suggesting that edge-alignment might not be critical to trigger activation of morphological units.

Key words infixes，prefixes，morphological decomposition，visual word recognition，Tagalog，masked priming

Planning multiple dependencies in sentence production

Shota Momma，a Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Masaya Yoshida, b Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, Eanston, IL, USA

AbstractOne of the defining properties of human language is the abundance of potentially unbounded dependencies between elements in a sentence. And yet, how speakers formulate dependencies in sentence production is still poorly understood. Here we examine the timing of verb planning in sentences involving across-the-board and parasitic gap constructions. Using a new task we call the Sentence-Word Interference task, we show that speakers plan the verb of a secondary clause before sentence onset, but selectively when producing across-the-board sentences and not when producing parasitic gap sentences. Based on this timing contrast, we argue that speakers plan verbs predominantly before the production of their dependents, but only when verbs and their dependents engage in both conceptual and direct syntactic relationships. More broadly, the current study suggests that sentence planning is constrained by syntactic relationships that are not reducible to conceptual relationships or to surface word order.

Key words Syntax，Sentence production，Sentence-word interference，Across-the-board extraction，Parasitic gaps

Rapid prediction of verbs based on pronoun interpretation is modulated by individual differences in pronoun processing

Jeffrey J. Green, Department of Linguistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Abstract How quickly can pronoun interpretation affect the prediction of a following verb? Readers were presented with implicit causality contexts in which a specific pronoun and following verb were predictable. N400 and reaction time results indicated that predictable verbs were facilitated relative to unpredictable verbs when following predicted pronouns, suggesting that verbal predictions were rapidly updated based on pronoun interpretation. There was also some evidence for rapid updating of verb predictions after unexpected pronouns, but this was modulated by individual differences. Some readers appear to have placed higher weight on top–down implicit causality predictions to interpret unexpected pronouns, and others on bottom–up information from the gender on the pronoun. These differences in turn affected the N400 response to expected and unexpected verbs. The results together demonstrate that pronouns can be interpreted quickly enough to affect predictions about the following word.

Key words Prediction，pronoun resolution，N400，implicit causality，individual differences

Impaired morphological processing: insights from multiple sclerosis

Sami Boudelaa,Said Boujraf,Faouzi Belahcen,Mohamed Ben Zagmout &Ausaf Farooqui, 

a Department of Cognitive Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE

b Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco

c Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco

c Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco

d Neuroscience Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease characterised by damage affecting large bundles of white matter fibres. Morphological segmentation of complex words (e.g. walked) into stems (walk) and suffixes (∼ed) is thought to depend on intact white matter. We tested the hypothesis that Arabic speaking patients with MS may lose the ability to segment morphologically complex words in a primed lexical decision task using word pairs that shared either a root and a semantic relationship (+R + S, e.g. “AnzAl”–“nuzwl” lowering-landing), a root without semantics (+R–S, e.g. “rtAbp”–“trtyb” monotony-tidying up),a semantic relationship (–R + S, e.g. “xyr”–“nEmp” good-grace), or a phonological relationship (–R + Phon, e.g. “mEdn”–“mEAnd” mineral-stubborn). While healthy controls showed priming by root regardless of semantics and inhibition by phonology, the patients showed facilitation by semantics (+R + S and –R + S), and inhibition by phonology (–R + Phon). These findings are used to adjudicate three contending models of lexical processing.

Key words Morphological processing，white matter damage，auditory lexical decision，priming

Individual differences in the auditory processing of morpho-phonological and semantic cues

Julia Schwarz, Mirjana Bozic & Brechtje Post

a Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Modern & Medieval Languages & Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

b Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

a Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Modern & Medieval Languages & Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Abstract Morpho-phonological patterns and semantic density influence the processing of spoken complex words and contribute to the dissociation between regularly and irregularly inflected forms. However, it is unclear whether all listeners rely on morpho-phonological and semantic cues to the same degree. The present paper examines whether a listener’s cognitive profile, indicated by processing efficiency, affects the processing strategy employed when listening to morphologically complex words. Two auditory judgement experiments demonstrate that slower responders rely more strongly on semantic processing than faster responders, but all listeners show morpho-phonological effects regardless of processing speed and form effects. This demonstrates that morpho-phonological processing is automatic for all listeners, but processing efficiency determines whether additional semantic cues are engaged. The results highlight the importance of integrating cognitive variability into current models of complex word processing.

Key words auditory word recognition，individual differences，morphological processing，semantic density，allomorphy

Long-term sport experience influences general action-related lexical semantic processing: ERP evidence

Ruohan Chang & Jinfeng Ding

a School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

b CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China;c Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Abstract This study aimed to investigate whether long-term domain-specific sport experience influences general action-related lexical semantic processing. Wushu (martial arts) athletes and non-athletes were asked to complete a lexical decision task in which nouns served as targets primed by general action-related or action-unrelated verbs. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that target nouns primed by action-related verbs elicited reduced N400s compared to those primed by action-unrelated verbs for both groups. Moreover, target nouns primed by action-related verbs elicited larger late positive components (LPCs) than those primed by action-unrelated verbs only for wushu athletes and not for non-athletes. These results suggest that long-term domain-specific sport experience facilitates general action-related lexical semantic processing and support an association between the sensory-motor system and language comprehension.

Key words Sport experience，lexical semantic processing，N400，LPC

Neural mechanisms of event visibility in sign languages

Julia Krebs, Ronnie B. Wilbur, Dietmar Roehm & Evie Malaia

a Linguistics Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria;b Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

c Department of Linguistics, and Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

a Linguistics Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria;b Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

d Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

Abstract In unrelated sign languages event structure is reflected in the dynamic form of verbs, and hearing non-signers are known to be able to recognise these visual event structures. This study assessed the time course of neural processing mechanisms in non-signers to examine the pathways for incorporation of physical-perceptual motion features into the linguistic system. In an EEG study, hearing non-signers classified telic/atelic verb signs (two-choice lexical decision task). The ERP effects reflect differences in perceptual processing of verb types (early anterior ERP effects) and integration of perceptual and linguistic processing required by the task (later posterior ERP effects). Non-signers appear to segment signed input into discrete events as they try to map the sign to a linguistic concept. This might indicate the potential pathway for co-optation of perceptual features into the linguistic structure of sign languages.

Key words Sign language，telicity，event segmentation，EEG，neural processing

How the brain processes emotional meaning of indirect reply: evidence from EEG

Xinyu Guo, Xiaoqing Li & Yufang Yang, Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK

Abstract People often express their message and emotions through indirect utterances. How the intended meaning of indirect utterances is comprehended remains not completely clear. We investigated how the emotional meaning of indirect replies is processed in the brain. Participants were required to comprehend dialogues. Three types of replies were constructed: direct reply, informative indirect reply and negative indirect reply. Our results showed that both informative and negative indirect replies were understood with lower accuracy and longer behavioural reaction times than direct replies. Moreover, informative indirect replies elicited a larger N400 than direct replies, whereas negative indirect replies (compared to informative indirect replies as well as direct replies) elicited enhanced ERP responses only over the late P600 component. These findings suggest that the cognitive processes involved in and the time course of the comprehension of indirect replies change dynamically as a function of the emotional aspects of the intended meaning.

Key words Indirect reply，pragmatic inference，speakers’，intention，language understanding，EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Illusions of plausibility in adjuncts and co-ordination

Ian Cunnings & Patrick Sturt, Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK

Abstract Illusions of grammaticality, where ungrammatical sentences are misperceived as grammatical (e.g. The key to the cabinets were rusty), have been widely studied during language comprehension. Such grammatical illusions have been influential in debate surrounding so-called representational and retrieval-based accounts of linguistic dependency resolution. Whether analogous illusions of plausibility occur at the level of semantic interpretation has only recently begun to be examined, and thus far, these illusions have been restricted to a narrow range of linguistic phenomena. In two eye-tracking during reading experiments (n = 48 in each) and two self-paced reading experiments (n = 192 in each) we examined the possibility of semantic illusions during the processing of adjuncts and co-ordination. Across experiments, our results suggest illusions of plausibility during dependency resolution, though interference effects were clearer in adjuncts than co-ordination. We argue that our findings are more compatible with retrieval-based rather than representational accounts of linguistic dependency resolution.

Key words Sentence processing，memory retrieval，interference，linguistic dependencies，Reading

Introduction to the special issue: Affective neurolinguistics: understanding the interaction of emotion and language in the brain

José A. Hinojosa, Cornelia Herbert & Johanna Kissler

a Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;b Dpto. Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;c Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain

d Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

e Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;f Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Abstract Emotions permeate every aspect of our lives including how we process and use language. Affective neurolinguistics is an emerging field that aims to unify separate research traditions in neurolinguistics and affective neuroscience. This special issue provides an overview of recent developments, on the lexico-semantic, syntactic and pragmatic levels. The 11 studies address the embodied acquisition of emotional concepts, their network representation in the brain, their representation in the first versus second language as well as the role of attentional focus. They also specify how emotional content interacts with morphosyntactic processing, how inter individual differences determine the primacy of syntax or affect in sentence processing, and how emotional influences play out in the multi-modal integration of language in quasi-realistic communicative settings. In total, this collection of studies covers the status of the field of affective neurolinguistics, laying the groundwork for a more formal multi-level integration of affect into language models.

Key words Emotion，Language，Affective neurolinguistics，Semantics，Morpho-syntax，Pragmatics

ERP signatures of pseudowords’ acquired emotional connotations of disgust and sadness

Beixian Gu, Bo Liu, Huili Wang, Manuel de Vega & David Beltrán

a Institute for Language and Cognition, School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People’s Republic of China;c Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

b School of Foreign Languages, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China;c Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

a Institute for Language and Cognition, School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

c Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

c Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain;d Psychology Department, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain

Abstract The present study investigated how acquired disgusting and sad connotations affect neural activity in word processing. Participants completed a learning session in which pseudowords were paired with faces showing disgusted, sad, and neutral expressions, followed by an event-related potential (ERP) recording session involving a lexical-semantic decision task. ERP results revealed that sad pseudowords reduced the early posterior negativity (EPN) amplitudes compared to disgusting and neutral pseudowords in the early time window whereas disgusting pseudowords reduced the late positive component (LPC) amplitudes compared to neutral pseudowords. Importantly, the source localization in the EPN time window dissociated the three emotional conditions: disgusting pseudowords elicited the largest activation in the right insular cortex, sad pseudowords elicited more activity in the right anterior cingulate cortex, and neutral pseudowords increased activation in the occipital lobe. These results suggested that faces are effective sources for acquiring words’ emotional connotations, revealing corresponding distinctive neural signatures.

Key words Disgust，sadness，pseudowords，faces，ERPs

Effects of unilateral anteromedial temporal lobe resections on event-related potentials when reading negative and neutral words

Johanna Kissler, Malena Mielke, Lea Marie Reisch, Sebastian Schindler & Christian G. Bien

a Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

a Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

a Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;b Medical School, Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

a Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;c Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

b Medical School, Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Abstract We investigated effects of unilateral left (lTLR, N = 15) or right (rTLR, N = 19) anteromedial temporal lobe resections comprising amygdala and temporal pole on event-related potentials (ERPs) during attentive reading of negative and neutral words, their emotional evaluation, and recognition memory. Content effects on behaviour did not differ between lTLR, rTLR, and controls (N = 18). Negative words elicited larger ERPs than neutral words for P1, Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), and Late Positive Potential (LPP). However, the rTLR group lacked the P1 enhancement and had attenuated EPN effects. Despite showing generally the largest ERP amplitudes, the lTLR group had smaller occipital N1 and left frontal positivity for negative compared with neutral words in the N1 window. Only lTLR also had smaller left parietal P2 and larger right parietal P3 and LPP for negative words. These data help specify left and right anteromedial temporal lobe contributions to the processing of negative and neutral words.

Key words Word reading，emotion，ERP，temporal lobe，neurosurgery

Early, emotional and embodied? Processing of emotional words and body words in the native and a second language – evidence from early event-related brain potential modulation and rapid serial visual presentation

Cornelia Herbert, Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

Abstract Visual processing of emotional words modulates early event-related potentials (ERPs) such as the early posterior negativity (EPN). Questions remain as to whether this modulation reflects modality-specific processing, preferentially elicited by emotional words of the native language (L1). This study investigates the modulation of early ERPs during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of adjectives or nouns referring to emotional feeling states, neutral traits, to an overweight or lean body or to concrete body parts or neutral objects, presented in the L1 and the second language (L2). Word ratings in the L2 were assessed in a pilot study. The N100 and the EPN were modulated by the emotional valence of the stimuli irrespective of the word class or the task (silent reading vs. word counting). The results suggest that early affective appraisal is obligatory, not restricted to privileged categories of linguistic information (emotions) or solely found for the embodied language (L1).

Key words Visual word processing，emotional words，body words，second language，appraisal

The neural mechanisms of explicit and implicit processing of Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words: evidence from emotional categorisation and emotional Stroop tasks

Jia Liu, Lin Fan, Lingyun Tian, Chi Li & Wangshu Feng

a School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China;b Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

c National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China;d Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

c National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

c National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

d Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Abstract This study set out to examine the valence effect on the explicit and implicit processing of Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words with emotional categorisation task (ECT) and emotional Stroop task (EST). Behaviourally, the dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words was only observed in the ECT and was modulated by valence. Neurophysiologically, a negative bias was found in the early perceptual processing stage (N170). In the second processing stage, the dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words was modulated by valence (P2 and EPN). In the elaborate processing stage, the neural dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words was modulated by the processing level (frontal N400 and early LPC). Valence interacted with processing level (late LPC). This study verifies the three-stage model of emotional word processing and extends it by adding two factors—processing level and emotional word type—into the model.

Key words Valence，emotion-label words，emotion-laden words，emotional categorisation task，emotional Stroop task，ERP

Interactions of ignored and attended valence in a valence-detection task with emotional words support the model of evaluative space: an ERP study

Henning Gibbons, Jonas Schmuck & Hannah Kirsten, Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Abstract In a valence-detection task with emotional adjectives, 57 participants selectively responded to a predefined target level of valence (negative, positive, or neutral). Event-related potentials of ignored nontargets were examined for a novel type of emotion–attention interaction between a nontarget’s valence and valence of the attentional set. Findings support an extension of the model of evaluative space [Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2], proposing associations of negative and positive stimuli/attentional sets with high and low arousal, respectively. Consistently, in the neutral attentional set involving low arousal, false alarms were more frequent and an average-referenced EPN-like posterior negativity (150–250 ms) was smaller for positive than negative nontarget words. The late positive potential was reduced for positive nontargets in the negative attentional set, but not the reverse, indicating conjoint effects of a negativity bias and distractor-target distance in terms of valence. Finally, data suggest a sensitivity of mastoid-referenced lateral-posterior N170 to inhibition of task-irrelevant affect.

Key words Event-related potentials，ignored emotional words，selective attention to valence，early posterior negativity，late positive potential

I hates Mondays: ERP effects of emotion on person agreement

Claudia Poch, Teresa Diéguez-Risco, Natalia Martínez-García, Pilar Ferré & José A. Hinojosa

a Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain

b Deparment of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

b Deparment of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

c Department of Psychology and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

d Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;e Dpto. Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;f Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that emotion influences the computation of agreement dependencies based on number or gender. In this event-related potential study, we examined the role of emotion in the processing of person information. Participants made grammatical judgements to sentences with positive, negative and neutral verbs that either matched or mismatched person features of a preceding pronominal subject. Emotion did not modulate P600 amplitude enhancements to agreement violations. Importantly, whereas enhanced LAN effects to all ungrammatical sentences were observed in a cluster of left fronto-central electrodes, only neutral verbs that violated person agreement elicited enhanced LAN amplitudes in a sub-cluster of left frontal electrodes. The narrow distribution of LAN effects to emotion verbs suggests that feature-checking operations dealing with the early detection of person agreement errors are less efficient when words signal affective biologically salient content. Our results favour lexicalist views arguing that lexical and conceptual information influences agreement.

Key words Agreement，person，emotion，LAN

Does pleasantness affect the grammatical brain? An ERP study on individual differences

I. Padrón, I. Fraga, C. Poch, L. Vieitez & J. A. Hinojosa

a Grupo Procesos Cognitivos y Conducta, Dpto. Psicología Social, Básica y Metodología, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain

a Grupo Procesos Cognitivos y Conducta, Dpto. Psicología Social, Básica y Metodología, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain

b Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain

a Grupo Procesos Cognitivos y Conducta, Dpto. Psicología Social, Básica y Metodología, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain

c Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;d Dpto. Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;e Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain

Abstract This ERP study used a grammaticality judgement task to analyse the interface between morphosyntactic and affective processing, as well as the modulatory role of individual differences. Participants (mostly women) were presented with Spanish noun phrases (Determiner + Noun + Adjective) in which the noun and the adjective (pleasant or neutral) either agreed or not in gender. Results confirm previous evidence on the existence of two main dominance brain patterns: negative (people showing LAN effects) and positive (people showing P600 effects). They also reveal that the individuals with a negative profile temporarily prioritised grammatical processing over affective processing while the individuals with a positive profile prioritised emotionality over grammaticality. Crucially, interactive effects between these two factors did not emerge in either group or time window. This lack of interaction contradicts previous evidence on unpleasant words. The present findings highlight the relevance of individual differences and word valence in gender agreement processing.

Key words Gender agreement，emotional words，event-related potentials，individual differences

How the speaker’s emotional facial expressions may affect language comprehension

David Hernández-Gutiérrez, Francisco Muñoz, Zahra Khosrowtaj, Werner Sommer, Laura Jiménez-Ortega, Rasha Abdel Rahman, José Sánchez-García, Pilar Casado, Sabela Fondevila, Javier Espuny & Manuel Martín-Loeches

a Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behaviour, Madrid, Spain;b Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain

a Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behaviour, Madrid, Spain;c Department of Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioural Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

d Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

e Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

a Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behaviour, Madrid, Spain;c Department of Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioural Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

e Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.etc

Abstract During communicative face-to-face interactions, emotional expressions are typically processed along with auditory speech. Although previous research has demonstrated the interaction between emotion and linguistic processes, so far no study has focused on the effect of the speaker’s emotional facial expression on natural language processing. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study, participants listened to spoken sentences while seeing the portrait of the speaker’s face with either happy, neutral, or fearful emotional expression. In Study 1A, the N400 effect, a neural marker of semantic comprehension, was unaffected by the speaker’s emotional expression. In Study 1B, we manipulated morphosyntactic agreement. The P600 effect was boosted by the happy emotional expression. This may be interpreted as reflecting additional effort in linguistic reanalysis, in line with the heuristic processing style that characterises positive emotions. The present results demonstrate an influence of the speaker’s emotional facial expressions on non-emotional language processing during audiovisual communicative interactions.

Key words Multimodal language，emotional facial expression，syntax，semantics，P600

Speakers' emotional facial expressions modulate subsequent multi-modal language processing: ERP evidence

Katja Maquate, Johanna Kissler & Pia Knoeferle

a Department of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

b Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;c Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

a Department of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany;d Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany;e Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany

Abstract We investigated the brain responses associated with the integration of speaker facial emotion into situations in which the speaker verbally describes an emotional event. In two EEG experiments, young adult participants were primed with a happy or sad speaker face. The target consisted of an emotionally positive or negative IAPS photo accompanied by a spoken emotional sentence describing that photo. The speaker's face either matched or mismatched the event-sentence valence. ERPs elicited by the adverb conveying sentence valence showed significantly larger negative mean amplitudes in the EPN and descriptively in the N400 time windows for positive speaker faces - negative event-sentences (vs. negatively matching prime-target trials). Our results suggest that young adults might allocate more processing resources to attend to and process negative (vs. positive) emotional situations when being primed with a positive (vs. negative) speaker face but not vice versa. Post-hoc analysis indicated that this interaction was driven by female participants. We extend previous eye-tracking findings with insights into the timing of the functional brain correlates implicated in integrating the valence of a speaker face into a multi-modal emotional situation.

Key words EPN，N400，emotional face priming，spoken language processing，multi-modal language processing

Affect as Anaesthetic: how emotional contexts modulate the processing of counterintuitive concepts

Sabrina Aristei, Christine A. Knoop, Oliver Lubrich, Thomas Nehrlich, Alexander Enge, Kirsten Stark, Werner Sommer & Rasha Abdel Rahman

a Luxembourg University, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

b Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany

c University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

c University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

d Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany;e Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany

d Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany etc.

Abstract In popular narratives, minimally counterintuitive concepts (MCIs), which violate one category of our real-world knowledge (e.g. talking trees), are frequently embedded in emotional contexts. To assess the impact of emotion on MCI processing, we presented micro-narratives with negative or neutral contents before target sentences. We compared electrophysiological correlates of semantic processing elicited by MCIs, common semantic expectancy violations, and intuitive concepts, presented as critical within-sentence words and as images after the sentences. Results show that emotional contexts play a critical role for MCI processing. N400 effects in neural responses to MCIs that we observed after neutral contexts were not found after negative contexts, suggesting that the synergy between emotional context and MCI saliency enhances the processing of narratives at the cost of critical semantic processing. This finding is relevant for neurocognitive models of language comprehension in high-level contexts, for our understanding of the attraction of counterintuitive concepts and rhetorical strategies.

Key words Counterfactual information，emotional story-context，event-related potentials，critical semantic analysis

Moving thoughts: emotion concepts from the perspective of context dependent embodied simulation

Piotr Winkielman, Joshua D. Davis & Seana Coulson

a Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;b SWPS University of Social Science and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland

c Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;d Department of Psychology, Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA, USA

c Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Abstract This review article presents our perspective on psychological and physiological mechanisms underlying concepts from the domain of affect, emotion, and motivation. We suggest that these concepts are linked to sensorimotor and interoceptive systems, and as such represent a paradigmatic example of embodied conceptual processing. In view of recent debates about the scope of embodiment, however, we argue that the use of grounded resources in emotion concepts is flexible and context dependent. The degree to which embodied resources are engaged during conceptual processing depends upon multiple factors, including an individual's task, goals, resources, as well as constraints both temporal and situational. In addition, we highlight the extent to which conceptual understanding of emotion, and its specific embodiment, is shaped by social and cultural influences. Accordingly, we call for research that more fully incorporates higher-order psychological factors into the study of the physiological and neural mechanisms that underpin emotion concepts.

Key words Concepts，emotion，brain，body，embodiment，grounded cognition

期刊简介

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience is aninternational peer-reviewed journal promoting integrated cognitive theoreticalstudies of language and its neural bases.

《语言、认知和神经科学》是一本国际同行评议杂志，旨在促进语言及其神经基础的综合认知理论研究。

The journal takes an interdisciplinaryapproach to the study of brain and language, aiming to integrate excellentcognitive science and neuroscience to answer key questions about the nature oflanguage and cognition in the mind and the brain. 

该期刊采用跨学科的方法研究大脑和语言，旨在整合优秀的认知科学和神经科学，回答有关大脑和大脑中语言和认知本质的关键问题。

It aims to engage researchersand practitioners alike in how to better understand cognitive language function,including:

• Language cognition

• Neuroscience

• Brain and language

它旨在让研究人员和实践者共同参与如何更好地理解认知语言功能，包括：

• 语言认知

• 神经科学

• 大脑与语言

官网地址：

https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/plcp21

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